Biology Final exam flash cards

Testes

Organs that produce sperm cells

Epididymis

he site of sperm development & maturity

Vasa deferentia

tubes lined with smooth muscle that carry sperm out of the testes during ejaculation. This is also the site of a vasectomy

Seminal Vesicle

this structure adds fructose & prostaglandins to semen. Fructose serves as an energy source for sperm cells and prostaglandins induce contractions within the female uterus to propel sperm up to the Fallopian tubes

Prostate Gland

the structure adds an alkaline fluid to semen to protect sperm cells from the acidic environment of the female reproductive tract

Bulbourethral Gland

this structure secretes mucus to lubricate the urethra before ejaculation. It produces “pre-ejaculatory” fluid

Urethra

a duct that carries semen or urine out of the body

Penis

external male reproductive organ that deposits semen into the female vagina

Scrotum

a sac of skin and muscle that holds the testes external to the body where the temperature is cooler for increased sperm survival

Bladder

Stores urine

Ejaculatory duct

a tube that is formed when the vas deferens and seminal vesicle meet. Its function is to combine sperm from the testes, alkaline fluid from the prostate, and other fluids from the seminal vesicle before semen is ejaculated

The pathway of sperm through the male reproductive system

Testes → Epididymis → Vas deferens → Ejaculatory duct in the prostate → Urethra → Penis

Vasectomy

This is a permanent form of birth control for men who do not want to have children. This procedure requires cutting and tying off the vas deferens to block and prevent the release of sperm cells during ejaculation

Ovaries

organs that produce and store eggs (oocytes). Females have two ovaries that alternate releasing a single egg once a month for one chance at fertilization

Follicle

a layer consisting of small cells; they surround, nourish, and protect a single egg

Corpus lutem

the structure that remains when the egg leaves the follicle during ovulation

Fimbriae

finger-like projections found at the end of the Fallopian tube that help sweep the egg from the ovary into the Fallopian tube during ovulation

Fallopian tube (oviduct)

the structure that the egg is released into during ovulation. It is also the site of

fertilization and tubal ligation

Endometrium

the blood-rich tissue that lines the inside of the uterus. When a female becomes pregnant, the embryo implants into the endometrium, which will thicken to increase blood supply to the embryo. When a female is not pregnant, the endometrium thins and is shed during her menstrual cycle

Cervix

the neck of the uterus; it is also the site that must dilate (widen) during pregnancy

Uterus

Also known as the womb. It is the site of pregnancy

Vagina

site of sperm deposit; it is also known as the birth canal

The pathway of an egg through the female reproductive system

Ovary → Fallopian tube (where egg can be fertilized) → endometrium (where fertilized egg implants into the uterus

Tubal ligation

This is a permanent form of birth control for women who do not want to have children. This procedure requires cutting and tying off the Fallopian tube. The Fallopian tube is the site of fertilization, so when it is disconnected, the egg and sperm cannot unite, and no pregnancy occurs

First step of embryonic development

Ovulation

Second step of embryonic development

Fertilization and zygote formation

Third step of embryonic development

Cleavage

Fourth step of embryonic development

Implantation and hCG secretion

Fifth step of embryonic development

Primitive streak formation

Sixth step of embryonic development

Extra embryonic structures form

Seventh step of embryonic development

Gastrulation

Eighth step of embryonic development

Organogensis

Ninth step of embryonic development

Heart beats occur

Tenth step of embryonic development

Limb buds form

Eleventh step of embryonic development

SRY gene activates

Twelfth step of of embryonic development

Skeleton ossifies

Thirteenth step of embryonic development

Apoptosis of limb buds

Fourteenth step of embryonic development

Neurons generates action potentials (electrical signals) that allow skeletal muscles to contract

Ovulation

Once a month, a mature egg is released from the ovary where it is swept into the Fallopian tube via fimbriae. The egg has a 24-hour period to become fertilized by sperm that have traveled to the Fallopian tube following intercourse.

Zygote

A fertilized egg

Cleavage and its purpose

Rapid cell division. It allows the number of cells in the embryo to increase. It’s goal is to lay the groundwork for mutlicellular. The embryo doesn’t get bigger, it just increases the number of cells it has inside.

Implantation

Baby hatches and burises itself under the endometrium.

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin hormone)

A hormone made by the embryo that is made right after implantation. It tells the mother that she is pregnant. It is found in the urine and blood. It’s purpose is to ensure the endometrium is maintained and the menstrual cycle is prevented. If the hormone is not produces, the endometrium sheds and the embryo is lost

Primitive streak formation

The first signs the body is being forms. Establishes bilateral symmetry. (Meaning both the left and right side are the same)

Development of exttrambryonic structures

Found external to the developing embryo. Includes: Chorion, amnion, amniotic fluid, and umbilical cord.

Chorion

Outermost membrane around the embryo. It forms the placenta

Placenta

Attaches to the uterine wall, anchoring the fetus during pregnancy. It nourishes and maintains the fetus through the umbilical cord

Amnion

The inner membrane around the embryo that produce and stores ____ fluid

amnion fluid

A clear liquid that surrounds the fetus during pregnancy. During early pregnancy it is mostly water, but as the fetus develops it becomes yellowish. The fluid contains nutrients, hormones, and antibodies

Umbilical cord

A tissue that runs between the fetus and the placenta that is attaches to the uterus. It’s job is to bring oxygen and nutrients to the embryo while removing carbon dioxide and waste products from the embryo

Grasrtulation

The process describing the formation of the three germ layers: Endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm

Endodern

The innermost layer. It forms the skin, brain, and spinal cord

Mesoderm

The middle layer. It forms all muscles (skeletal, smooth, and cardiac), bones of the skeleton, and the cartilage and joints

Ectoderm

Outermost layer. It forms the digestive system, liver pancreas, and lungs

Organogenesis

A process where all of the embryo’s organs start to form

Heart beats

Circulate blood throughout the body. Blood supplies our cells with oxygen and nutrients

Limb buds

Structures that will eventually form arms and legs of the fetus

SRY gene (sex determining Region of Y

The Y chromosome contains a ____ gene that is activates in weeks 5 and 6 in the male embryos. In males, the wolffian ducts develop into vas deferns. In females, the Mullerian ducts develop into fallopian tube

Ossification

A process where an existing tissue in the body gets converted to bone tissue

Apoptosis

A process where the skin connecting the fingers and toes undergoes programed cell death, or apoptosis. The result is the formation of individual fingers and goes.

Action potential (electrical signals)

Neurons/nerve cells generate___________ which allow the contraction of skeletal muscle.

Purpose of steps 1-4 of the embryonic development

To make the baby and get it to the uterus

Purpose of steps 5-7 of the embryonic development

To create a line down the center of the body, secure the baby, and start making tissues

Purpose of steps 8-10 of the embryonic development

TO make body organs, get the heart pumping, and add arms and legs

Purpose of steps 11-12 of the embryonic development

Make the sex and the skeleton

Purpose of steps 13 and 14 of the embryonic development

Make you fingers and toes wiggle

Four steps of food processing

1. Ingestion

2. Digestion

3. Asorption

4. Elimination

Ingestion

The act of food intake

Digestion

Physically and chemically breaking down food

Absorption

Moving nutrients from the small intestine into the bloodstream for cell uptake

Elimination

Getting rid of any undigested materials

Oral cavity

Site of physical and chemical digestion. For physical, it includes the mouth, tongue, and teeth. Their function is to tear the food apart so it can be swallowed. A chemical uses digestive enzymes or other chemicals to break down food. One of its digestive enzymes is amylase. The salivary glands make this.

Pharynx

Also known as the throat. it’s function is to bring the food down to the esophagus

Esophagus

The pathway the food take to get from the mouth to the stomach

Stomach

Continues with chemical digestion of food. It exposes the food to it’s acid. After the acid is mixed with food, it creates an acid chyme. The organ creates a digestive enzyme called pepsin

Small intestine

Has two functions. Function #1 is that it serves as the last place of chemical digestion. Relies on chemicals from the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas to complete food breakdown. It gets bile from the liver and gall bladder. The organ adds several chemicals that help with digestion. These chemicals are: Sodium bicarbonate, trypsin, pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, and nuclease. It’s second function is to absorb the majority of nutrients and 90% of water

Large intestine

Absorbs remaining 1% of water, where you start to form poop. It produces vitamin K and B

Rectum

Stores undigested materials (Examples are: solid waste, stool, feces, fecal matter, poop)

Anus

Eliminates poop

Gastric bypass

The leading way of rapid weight loss Bypassing the small intestine. The small intestine absorbs our macros. Has different procedures. Restrictive procedure, malabsorptive procedure. Side effects include: absorbing fewer nutrients and vitamins; need add supplements; may need a higher dose of medications due to decrease absorption; your baby will weight six pounds instead of seven.

Gastric sleeve

A shorter medical procedure. It is a better option for people with a heart and lung condition. less time is spent under general anesthesia. It’s a restrictive only procedure, it decrease stomach size.

lap band

Temp procedures with usual temp. No major invasive surgery is involved. Uses a medical device to restrict stomach size. It is restrictive but temporary.

GLP-1 injections

Glucagon-like peptide-1

Gastroparesis

Slowing down of digestion

Pathway for food through digestive system

Oral cavity → pharynx → esophagus → stomach → small intestine →large intestine → rectum → anus

Bile

Helps with liquid/fat digestion. The liver makes this enzyme and the gall bladder stores it

Stomach acid

Breaks down all macro molecules (protein, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acid). Produces by the stomach

Sodium bicarbonate

Neutralizes acid in the small intestine. Produces by the pancreas

Pepsin

A stomach acid that breaks down proteins. Produced by the pancreas

Trypsin and chymotryspin

Two chemicals that help with digestion. Their goal is to finish of digestion. They are produced by the pancreas

Nuclease

A chemical that breaks down the DNA of all plant and animal food. Produced by the pancreas

Salivary amylase

Breaks down carbohydrates in the mouth. Produced by salivary glands

Pancreatic amylase

Breaks down carbohydrates in the small intestine. Produced by the pancrease

Pancreatic lipase

A stomach acid that breaks down all fat molecules. produced by the pancreas

Polycystic ovary syndrome

Caused by hormonal imbalance that leads to irregular periods and unpredictable ovulation. fluid filled sacs may be seen in the ovaries

Endometriosis

A condition where tissue that is similar to the endometrium grows outside the uterus. symptoms include heavy periods and painful menstrual cramps

Uterine fibroids

Tumors that grow in the wall of the uterus. Most of these tumors and non-cancerous, symptoms include heavy and prolonged periods