biology exam

structural diversity

measure of different structures available as habitat

species diversity

measure of populations and variety of populations present

genetic diversity

measure of genetic characteristics within a species

villi

increase surface area in small intestine for absorption of monomers

carbs are broken down by…

amylase, sucrase/maltase/lactase (to become monosacchrides)

lipids are broken down by…

bile and lipase (to become glycerols and fatty acids)

protein is broken down by…

trypsin and erepsin (to become amino acids)

what does the liver do?

creates/synthesizes bile

accessory organs (digestive)

salivary glands, pancreas, liver, bile, gall bladder

what does the pancreas do?

releases enzymes to aid in digestion in the small intestine

4 stages of digestion

ingestion, digestion, absorption, egestion

macronutrients

carbohydrates, lipids, water, proteins

which side of the heart is oxygenated blood?

left

where does the lub dub sound come from?

lub - AV valves closing

dub - semilunar valves closing at end of contraction

healthy blood pressure

120/80

diastole

relaxation, filling phase of heart

systole

contraction, emptying phase of heart

what is the electrical pathway of the heart?

SA node → AV node → bundle of his → purkenje fibres

where does electrical impulse start?

SA node

path of blood through heart

function of veins

carry deoxygenated blood back to heart - VERY LOW blood pressure (have valves)

function of capillaries

transport blood, nutrients, and oxygen, single cell thick to allow for diffusion - LOW blood pressure

function of arteries

distribute oxygenated blood around body, carry blood away from heart - HIGH blood pressure

what is breathing controlled by?

the medulla oblonga

residual volume

volume of air that always remains in lungs

vital capacity

maximum amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled

diaphragm movement during exhalation

relaxes (moves up)

diaphragm movement during inhalation

contracts (moves down)

where does gas exchange occur in humans?

the lungs and the body cells

archea

prokaryote, no nuclear membrane, unicellular, cell wall, heterotrough/autotrough, asexual reproduction

eubacteria

prokaryote, no nuclear membrane, unicellular, peptidoglycen cell wall, heterotrough/autotrough, asexual reproduction

protist

eukaryote, nuclear membrane, multicellular, mitochondria/some chloroplasts, no cell wall, autotrough/decomposer/heterotrough, mostly asexual

fungi

eukaryote, nuclear membrane, multicellular, mitochondria, unicellular (yeast)/multicellular, chitin cell wall, heterotrough, asexual/sexual reproduction through spores

plant

eukaryote, nuclear membrane, multicellular, mitochondria, chloroplast, multicellular, cellulose cell wall, autotrough, sexual/asexual reproduction

animal

eukaryote, nuclear membrane, multicellular, mitochondria, multicellular, no cell wall, heterotrough, sexual reproduction

cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP

why are angiosperms successful?

flowers allow for gamete transfer, produce fruit to allow for seed dispersal, variety of seed dispersal methods

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monocot root

monocot flower

petals in multiples of 3

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monocot stem

monocot seed

one cotyledon (leaf in seed)

monocot leaf

veins spaces evenly, parallel, long and narrow leaves

monocot pollen

one pore/furrow

dicot root

dicot flower

4 or 5 petals

dicot stem

dicot seed

two cotyledons (leaf in seeds)

dicot leaf

branched veins, stomata found mostly along bottom of leaves

dicot pollen

three pores/furrows

meristematic tissue

in plants, allows for growth (APICAL + LATERAL)

apical meristems

type of meristematic tissue, at root and shoot tissues, grow vertically

lateral meristems

at locations other than root/shoot, grow around diameter

dermal tissue

protective coverings

cuticle

waxy layer, protects plants from disease, pests, water loss (dermal tissue)

stomata

on lower side of leaf, allows water vapour in and out (dermal tissue)

guard cell

controls size of stomata (dermal tissue)

root hairs

allow for absorption, protection, etc., (dermal)

vascular tissue

allows for transport through plants

xylem

carries water/dissolved ions up from roots

phloem

transports sugars synthesized in leaves to storage

ground tissue

makes up bulk of young plants, fills space between other tissues

how do you know seeds are living?

produce sugars, cellularly respire

stamen

male reproductive part of flower, contains anther and filament

pistil

female reproductive part of flower, contains stigma, style, ovary, ovuole

taproot

found in dicots

fibrous root

found in monocots, no main root

DNA full name

deoxyribouncleic acid

human cells have __ chromosomes

46

nitrogenous bases

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

there are __ pairs of chromosomes in humans

23

why do cells divide?

to grow, to repair, to reproduce

mitosis

asexual reproduction of cells to create identical daughter cells

interphase

DNA is duplicated, still in form of chromatin. centrioles replicate

early prophase

chromatin condenses, nucleolous disappears, spindle fibres form, nuclear membrane breaks down

late prophase

nuclear membrane is gone, spindle fibres attach to chromosomes, centrioles move to poles

metaphase

chromosomes line up in centre

anaphase

(apart) spindle fibres pull sister chromosomes apart

telophase

cleavage furrow forms, chromosomes uncoil within respective nuclear membranes

cytokinesis

cell splits, creates two identical cells

meiosis

one cell creates 4 genetically different haploid cells

prophase I

chromatin condenses, nucleolous disappears, spindle fibres form, nuclear membrane breaks down (+ CROSSING OVER occurs, chromosomes exchange genetic info)

metaphase I

chromosomes line up on either side of the plate

anaphase I

homologus chromosomes are pulled to either side of cell (sister chromosomes STAY TOGETHER)

telophase I

nuclear membrane begins to reform, chromosomes decondense

cytokinesis (meiosis)

two new NON IDENTICAL cells form

interphase II

only centrioles are replicated, not DNA

prophase II

nuclear envelope begins to break down, chromosomes condense

independent assortment

homologus chromosomes like up randomly along metaphase plate in metaphase I, sister chromatids assort randmly in metaphase II

abnormal meiosis

chromosomal errors such as change in chromosome number/changes in structure - can cause down syndrome, turner syndrome, etc.,

nondisjunction in meiosis I

homologus chromosomes don’t separate in first division

nondisjunction in meiosis II

sister chromatids fail to separate in 1 of 2 cells

gene

codes a trait, portion of DNA

allele

version of a trait (i.e., blue eyes)

genotype

genetic expression of trait

phenotype

physical expression of trait

Gregor Mendel

father of genetics, predicted genes existed

incomplete dominance

blend of two traits (red + blue = purple)

codominance

both traits appear at once (red + blue = red and blue stripes)

9:3:3:1

ratio of phenotypes as a result of two heterozygous carriers mating, using a dyhibrid cross