Psychology 20- Unit B (The Individual)

What is Intelligence?

the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills

How is IQ measured?

IQ= MC/MA x 100

What does an IQ test actually measure?

How well you can take a test

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Successful Intelligence (1980s)

Believed that intelligence should be based on 3 different components: The person's ability to analyze a situation, the degree to which a person's behavior suits the situation, how quickly a person can apply this behavior in a certain situation.

Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Seven defined types of intelligence: linguistic, logical

Body

Kinesthetic

Interpersonal

A talent for relating to other people

Intrapersonal

A talent for relating to one's self

Linguistic

A talent for speaking to others

Spatial

An ability to construct and design, like an architect

Logical

Mathematical

Musical

Produce and recognize musical patterns, etc

Hunt's Theory on Problem

Solving Intelligence

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Intelligence

The difference between what children can do on their own and what they can do with teaching and instruction

Cattell's Two Factor Theory of Intelligence

Crystallized and Fluid Intelligence

Crystallized Intelligence

The type of knowledge someone learns in school

Fluid Intelligence

The type of intelligence someone is born with. In other words, the kind of intelligence not learned in school (street smarts).

The Revised Stanford

Binet Test

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test

Revised

Draw

A

Cognitive Abilities Test

Grade Level Standardized Tests (Canada)

Labelling

When a person is stereotyped by 1 feature alone

Stereotyping

A widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing

Self

Fufilling Prophecies

Correlation

A mutual relationship or connection between 2 or more things

Flynn Effect

The phenomenon of a person's IQ raising as they age

Personality

B.R Hergenhahn Belief

Believes there are 8 main factors that contribute to personality

B.R Hergenhahn's 8 Main Factors are?

Genetics, Environment, Learning, Traits, Existential

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.

The Id (Freud)

The Ego (Freud)

The Superego (Freud)

Psychosexual Stages

Free Association

A therapeutic technique used in clinical psychology. During free association the client mentions anything that comes to their mind.

Dream Analysis

A technique used in clinical psychology in which the client tells the therapist their dreams and the therapist helps the client translate their meaning

Freud Criticisms

Carl Jung

Swiss Psychologist & Psychoanalyst

The Ego (Jung)

Ego represents everything about which have conscious thoughts. These include thinking, remembering and perceiving.

The Personal Unconsious (Jung)

Represents all that people were once conscious of in their past, but have now forgotten. Includes disturbing thoughts that could not be dealt with when they first occurred.

The Collective Unconsious (Jung)

Represents past thoughts and experiences of everyone's previous ancestors, also called the persons evolutionary experiences. These experience are unconscious, but they may resurface during times of stress or danger, such as inborn fears of encountering strangers, large animals, or dangerous weather.

Jungian Technique

Word Association

Word Association

Jung Criticisms

Erik Erikson

German

8 Stages of Personality Development

During each stage, humans are faced with life decisions that determine the people they become.

What are the Eight Stages of Personality Development

Infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, late childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood

Infancy

Trust v Mistrust

Early Childhood

Autonomy v Shame & Doubt

Middle Childhood

Initiative v Guilt

Late Childhood

Industry v Inferiority

Adolescence

Identity v Role Confusion

Early Adulthood

Intimacy v Isolation

Middle Adulthood

Generativity v Stagnation

Late Adulthood

Ego Integrity v Despair

Erikson Criticisms

Gordon Allport

Believed a person's personality is composed of traits. He defined a trait as a mental structure that initiates and guides reactions, accounting for the consistency in one's behaviors. Believed that numerous individual traits combined to make one unique person. This belief demonstrates that no two people have the same combination of traits.

Raymond Cattell

He was interested in developing a personality theory that could be scientifically tested. He believed that people had ability traits, which determine how well they work towards and achieve their goals.

Temperamental Traits

Include how quickly people respond in a crisis, how irritable they are, and how persistent they are in getting their own way.

B.F Skinner

Believed that all human behavior was learned. Came up with Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Technique of using reinforcement to strengthen a person or animals desire to perform certain behaviors.

Carl Rogers

Believed that humans are basically good and always strive to become better people. He was the innovator of a new kind of therapy that he called client

Abraham Maslow

Most known for his hierarchy of human needs. He believes that people needed to satisfy certain levels of needs in a certain order if they were to become the best people they could be.

Hierarchy of Needs

Abraham Maslow Criticisms

9 Stages of Lifespan

Descriptive Research

Monitoring behaviour and recording observations

Correlational Research

Discovers relationships existing between two variables

Scientific Research

Developing a hypothesis, designing an experiment and analyzing the results

Normative Studies

Designed to determine averages or norms

Historical Studies

Used to study the differences between different generations

Longitudinal Studies

Used to study the same people at different ages

Cross

Sectional Studies

Sequential Studies

Combines the best features of a longitudinal study and a cross

Twin Studies

Used to determine the effects of the environment has on behaviour, usually between two identical twins

Teratogens

Anything that may harm a fetus when exposed to the mother. This includes legal and illegal drugs, the mother's health and age and harmful chemicals in the environment.

Locomotion

Persons, ability to move around the environment, whether by crawling, walking, dragging or hopping, etc.

Prehension

A persons ability to use objects with their hands

Reflex

An automatic response to a specific stimulus

The Apgar Exam

A method of assessing a newborn's overall health, in five different categories: heart rate, breathing skin tone, muscle tone, and response to painful stimuli.

The Prechtl Test

Measures some of the same factors as the Apgar, but it also assesses a baby's facial expressions, alertness, reflexes, muscle tone, spontaneous movement, and reaction to being placed in various positions.

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

Assesses the babies and four categories:

Psycholinguistic Language Theory

A belief that humans are born with a genetic structure that helps them acquire language.

Cognitive Language Model

The genetic structure humans are born with that helps them acquire language.

Learning Language Theory

A theory that states children, learn language by grouping new words into categories that reflect what they know about the world.

Naming Explosion

The ability of a child learning to speak to acquiring new words at an incredible rate

Overextentions

Occur when a child discovers the name of an object and believes all similar objects are called the same thing

Underextentions

Occurs when a child learning to speak does not recognize an object as belonging to a certain category

Prototypes

A general model that represents a category

Modeling

Children learn words through modeling. Parents usually model words for children by saying the word, and then pointing at the object.

The Importance of Feedback

The information a person is given regarding their behaviour

Social Referencing

When a person looks at the behaviours of others for guidance, when they are unsure how to act in a certain situation

Display Rules

Developing socially acceptable, emotional responses, regarding how one should act in certain situations

Temperament

A measure of a person's, responsiveness and emotional expression in social situations

Sanguine

Optimistic, Social, Cheerful, Upbeat & Talkative

Choleric

Short

Melancholic

Analytical, quiet, sensitive, soulful, introspective

Phlegmatic

Relaxed, peaceful, contemplative, shy