LDD- neuroanatomical bases of language

there are ___ cranial nerves and ____ spinal nerve s

12, 31

basic components of the nervous system

neurons aka nerve cells

neurons:

receive, process, and transmit information

neurons communicate with each other through ________ at ________

neurotransmitters, synaptic clefts

neurotransmitters are chemical signals that :

relay signals between neurons—-- used for communication throughout brain & body

left hemisphere of the brain involves:

Logic, Language, Science, Math, Analysis, Sequencing, Computation

right hemisphere of the brain involves

Creativity, Imagination, Intuition, Rhythm, Feelings

language comprehension areas

Wernicke’s Area, Angular Gyrus, Supramarginal Gyrus, Heschl’s Gyrus

Language production areas

Broca’s Area, Primary motor cortex

The _____ connects Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas

arcuate fasciculus

The __________ connects the left and right hemispheres

Corpus Callosum

Supramarginal gyrus

Processes auditory words, Interprets tactile sensory information, Identifies postures and gestures of other people

Angular gyrus

Processes semantics, Number processing, Spatial cognition, Memory retrieval, Attention,Theory of Mind

Heschl’s Area

Cortical center for hearing, Processes incoming auditory information

language processing- Brainstem

receives auditory signals, relays auditory signals to Heschl’s Gryri on the auditory cortex

language processing- Heschl’s Gyri

separate significant linguistic information from nonsignificant background noise

Three Basic Functions of the Brain Involved in Language Processing

regulation, processing, formulation

regulation involves:

Maintains the brain at a basic level of awareness, attention, orientation

processing involves:

understanding what we’ve heard

formulation involves:

developing new messages

attention

Awareness and active cognitive processing of stimuli, Orientation, i.e., sustaining attention over time, Reaction time, i.e., amount of time required to respond to stimuli

memory

Ability to retain information over time

short term memory

retention of small bits of information over a short amount of time

working memory

holding and manipulating information for cognitive tasks

long term memory

encoding and storing of information through rehearsal or repetition and organization

Language comprehension deficits occur with:

Damage to Wernicke’s area, Damage to Heschl’s areas

Language processing deficits occur with:

Damage to Wernicke’s area, Angular gyrus, Supramarginal gyrus, Heschl’s areas

Nonverbal communication deficits occur with:

Damage to Heschl’s areas, angular gyrus, supramarginal gyrus

Auditory memory deficits occur with:

Damage to the Angular Gyrus

Expressive grammar deficits occur with

damage to Broca’s Area

Verbal apraxia occurs with

damage to Broca’s Area

Dysarthria occurs when

cranial nerves are damaged

Deaf children use _______for visual processing

auditory cortex

Blind children use ______ for auditory processing

visual cortex

Neural plasticity is impacted by:

age, use it or lose it, use it and improve it

Use it and improve it depends on:

Repetition (frequency), Intensity (strength), Specificity (how specific is the input), Salience (how important is the input)