Chapter 8

tissues

\-cover and lubricate the body

\-line body cavities

\-form protective sheets around body organs

subcutaneous

just under the skin

aka- sub Q

IM injection

intramuscular

dermal/topical

on top of the skin

transdermal

patch put on the skin

periteneum

serosa lining of abdomial cavity and covering of its organs

pleura

membrane around the lungs

paricardium

covering around the heart

parietal visceral

covers the outside lining of abdominal organs

integument

the skin when it is considered as a body organ

integumentary system

the skin when it is considered as a body system

functions of the integument

\-regulation of body temperature

\-protects body tissues from injury

\-acts as a physical barrier to prevent germs from entering the body

\-aids in vitamin D synthesis

\-elimination of waste products

\-provides for sensations such as touch, pressure, warmth, and cold

\-provides protection from ultraviolet light

\-permits the absorption certain drugs and other chemicals

epidermis

\-outermost division of epithelial membrane

\-consists entirely of stratified squamous epithelium

\-consists of subdivisions which are represented by layers of cells making up the SSE

dermis

\-composed of connective tissue containing collagen and elastic protein fibers

\-also contains blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles

hypodermis

aka: subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia

\-NOT a division of the skin

\-connects the dermis to underlying bones and muscles

\-composed of areolar and adipose connective tissues

corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, stratum basal

divisions of the epidermis

stratum germinativum

germinating layer

stratum germinativum

\-made up of cells attached to the basal lamina

\-cells are referred to stem cells

\-mitotically very active

\-replace cells lost in upper layer

\-aka: stratum basale

stratum spinosum

spiny layer of the divisions of the epidermis

stratum spinosum

\-consists of the more upper layers of cells

\-cells begin to shrink

\-mitotic activity of these cells slows

keratinocytes

produces keratin; most cells of epidermis are these type of cells

thick skin

where is lucidum only found

Come Lets Get Sun Burned

acronym for the 5 layers of epidermis

stratum granulosum

granular layer

stratum granulsum

\-1 to 3 cell layers

\-mitotic activity stops

\-cells begin to manufacture the protein keratohyalin

stratum lucidum

clear layer

stratum lucidum

\-present only in thick skin (palms of hands; soles of feet)

\-keratohyalin leads to the production of the protein eleiden

\-cells are densely packed and flattened and do NOT contain nuclei

stratum corneum

horny layer

stratum corneum

\-outermost layer of epidermis

\-20-30 cell layers thick

\-comprises about 75% of the epidermal thickness

\-plasma membrane thickens which reduces permeability and water loss

\-eleiden is converted to keratin, a very strong, waterproof protein

epidermal ridges

\-deep layers of the epidermis which extend into the dermis below

\-contain nerve receptors that provide sensitivity to change

melanocytes

pigment cells that are squeezed between the cells of the stratum germinativum

\-manufacture melanin

\-produces skin tone

\-provides protection from UV light

\-UV rays produce more melanin as UV is absorbed

merkel’s cells

\-large, oval cells located in the stratum basale

\-associated with touch

\-may have other functions

\-associated with a highly malignant skin tumor called Merkel cell carcinoma

\-have sensory nerve endings on them

langerhans cells

\-macrophages used in the body’s defense against microorganisms (our immune system cells)

\-located primarily in the stratum spinosum

dermis

deep layer

\-composed of connective tissue only containing collagen and protein fibers

\-contains blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles

lamellar corpuscle

deep pressure receptors

dermal regions

papillary region and reticular layer

papillary region

superficial region characterized by papillae

papillae

fingerlike projections located between the epidermal ridges

reticular layer

the deepest layer of connective tissue that contains both collagen and elastic fibers

dermis

what does a hair follicle indicate

hair

consists of fibrous protein, keratin

\-types are vellus, intermediate, terminal, and lanugo

vellus

type of hair

\-”peach fuzz”

intermediate

type of hair

\-hair of the arms and legs

terminal

type of hair

\-heavy, dark hair (head, eyelashes, eyebrows)

\-guards head from bumps; shields eyes

lanugo

type of hair

\-the very fine hair that covers a newborn infant, shed shortly after birth

shaft

part of the hair

\-the visible portion above the skin surface

root

part of the hair

\-portion below the skin surface

follicle

part of the hair

\-the socket which surrounds the hair; consists of stratified squamous epithelium

bulb

part of the hair

\-an onion-shaped swelling located at the base of the hair

papilla

part of the hair

\-the indentation at the bottom of the follicle; it contains blood vessels and nerves

matrix

part of the hair

\-a layer of germ cells that produces new hairs

medulla

part of the hair

\-the soft, flexible center of the hair; contains soft keratin

\-cross section

cortex

part of the hair

\-a region of hard keratin that surrounds the medulla; gives the hair its stiffness

\-cross section

cuticle

part of the hair

\-a layer of hard keratin that coats the hair

\-gives texture

\-cross section

arrector pili muscle

smooth muscle in the dermis that is attached to both the hair follicle and skin; its contraction causes “goosebumps” and hair to stand up

sebaceous glands

\-produce sebum (oily substance that prevents excess water evaporation and keeps the skin soft and pliable)

\-aka: Oil Glands, Holocrine Glands

\-communicates with skin surface by attachment to hair follicles and sebaceous follicles, ducts that lead to pores in the skin

sudoriferous glands

\-glands that secrete sweat/perspiration

\-apocrine

\-eccrine

insensible

type of perspiration where water loss from interstitial fluids which evaporates into the air

sensible

type of perspiration produced by sweat glands

apocrine glands

type of gland

location: arm pits, around nipples, in the groin

description: coiled, tubular glands that secrete a sticky, cloudy and potentially odorous perspiration into hair follicles

eccrine glands

type of gland, aka: Merocrine glands

location: distributed over entire skin; palms of hands and soles of feet mostly (2-5 million)

description: smaller than apocrine but do not extend as far into the dermis; open directly to pores

function: cool the surface of the skin to reduce body temperature; excretion of water and electrolytes

nails

\-hard plates of tightly packed keratinized cells

\-clear

\-cover the dorsal surface of the last phalanges of fingers and toes

\-protect the ends of the fingers and toes

body of nail

visible portion of the nail

root of nail

an epidermal fold that is not visible from the surface of the nail

nail bed

the area of the epidermis covered by the nail body

eponychium

cuticle- a region of stratum corneum covering the nail body near the root

lunula

a pale, crescent-shaped area near the root of the nail

hyponychium

an area of thickened stratum corneum beneath the free edge of the nail

thermoregulation

refers to the body’s ability to maintain a homeostatic balance between heat production and heat loss

hypothalamus

the body’s thermostat

\-inter brain

\-aka: diencephalon

\-set at 36.5- 37.8 degrees C

\-maintained via heat loss and heat promoting mechanisms

vasoconstriction, sweat glands close, shivering

heat promoting mechanisms

vasodilation, sweat glands open

heat loss mechanisms

burn

destruction of skin cells and sometimes the underlying structures of muscle, connective tissue, and bone

partial thickness

first and second degree burns are classified as what thickness

full thickness

third degree burns are classified as what

heat, radiation, electrical shock, and chemical agents

4 reasons for burns

first degree burn

\-affect only the epidermis

\-red, tender, dry, no blisters

\-scarring does not occur

\-2-3 days

ex: mild sunburn

second degree burn

\-affect epidermis and part of dermis

\-red, blistered, painful, swelling, may be moist

\-ex: liquid burns (scalding), severe sunburn

third degree burn

\-affect the epidermis and all of the dermis; also often involves the hypodermis

\-appears white or black (charred)

\-NO pain (nerve endings are destroyed)

\-ex: chemical burns, electrical burns

fourth degree burns

\-burn that expands to bone and muscle

\-uncommon

\-must have skin grafting done

wounds

injuries that result in an internal or external break in the skin

incision, laceration, abrasion, puncture, avulsion, contusion

types of wounds

incision

a clean, precise cut caused by knife, scapple, glass, or paper cut

laceration

similar to an incision, but with jagged edges

\-cut by rock, picked scab, knocking head/body, splitting skin, or bite (animal)

abrasion

epidermis is rubbed or scraped away

\-rug burn, skinned knee, brush burn

\-exposes the dermis with blood vessels

puncture

an object pierces the skin with little bleeding

\-stepping on nails or splinters

avulsion

a portion of the skin is torn or ripped away

contusion

cluster of broken capillaries caused by a blunt blow to the skin (bruised)

tumor

cells that grow in an abnormal way

benign and malignant

types of tumors

benign tumor

remain localized as a discrete mass, rarely fatal

\-better/good tumor

malignant tumor

invasive tumor

\-metastasizes, moves to other sites

\-often fatal, can be fatal- cancer

BCC, SCC, MM

major types of skin cancer

neoplasm

new/abnormal growth of tissue caused by out of control, rapid mitotic division when unnecessary - that have undergone some sort of mutation

basal cell carcinoma

\-most common form of skin cancer

\-location: basal cells in the stratum germinativum

\-cause: chronic exposure to sunlight, ultraviolet radiation disrupts DNA

\-areas affected: face, ears, neck, scalp, shoulders

\-warning signs: open sore, reddish patch, shiny bump, pink growth, scar-like area

\-stays in one area

squamous cell carcinoma

\-second most common form of skin cancer

\-location: squamous cells of the epidermis

\-cause: chronic exposure to sunlight

\-areas affected: face, neck, bald scalp, shoulders, arms, back, sometimes stomach

\-warning signs: wart-like growth persistent, scaly red patch; open sore that bleeds and crusts for weeks

malignant melanoma

\-most serious form of skin cancer- can be fatal but curable when detected early

\-location: in melanocytes

\-cause: chronic exposure to sunlight

\-areas affected: trunk, legs, arms, scalp for men

\-warning signs: small brown/black (or larger) multicolored patches; plaques or nodules with an irregular outline; many arise from pre-existing moles

ABCD chart

used to detect malignant melanoma

asymmetry, border, color, diameter

ABCD chart meaning

synovial

lines the cavities of freely movable joints