Chap 5 GEO (Water Resources)

2.8%

fresh water

68.7%

ice sheets and glaciers

• fresh water distribution

30.1%

ground water

• fresh water distributions

0.3%

other fresh water distributions

• liquid water at surface - lakes (89%) rivers (2%), swaps (11%)

precipitation

water that falls (gravitation) to earths surface

overland flow (sheet flow)

when water flows across land surface

run off

water stars flowing in established channels

infiltration

water soaks top of soil

percolation

water leaves bottom of soil/ gravity force

transpiration

water vapor entering the air thru plants

evapotranspiration (ET)

evaporation + transpiration

actual ET (ACTET)

actual amount of water into air

potential ET (POTET)

maximum possible ET

• how dry/hot/windy the air is

Precip = ACTET (POTET - deficit) + surplus ± storage

soil - water balance equation

• water from air = water sucked back into air + water led out once soil is full ± water added to or take from the soil

meteorological

prolonged below “normal” precipitation

• type of drought

agricultural

dryness affecting crop yields

• type of drought

hydrological

significant water supply shortage

• type of drought

socioeconomic

impact on human life and likelihood

groundwater

important amount of runoff water pulled down through soil (in rock)

water table

top of zone of saturation

• how far to dig for wells

spring

where the water table is exposed at earth’s surface

aquifer

permeable rock material

aquiclude

impermeable rock material

zone of aeration

rock material still has air in crack and pore space

• water percolates

zone of saturation

gravity will have pulled down enough water down to fill all the crack and pores

industrial

___ deep injection wells

• contamination sources

septic

__ system outflow

• contamination

waste dump

toxic ___ ___ seepage

• contamination sources

agricultural

____ chemicals

• contamination sources

waste landfill

solid ___ ___ seepage

• contamination sources

hydraulic

___ fracturing (fracking)

• contamination sources

groundwater recharge

• soil as well

• the process which water infiltrates the ground and replenishes soil moisture

• through precipitation, infiltration

• essential for maintaining ground level, support vegetation and water supplies