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2.8%
fresh water
68.7%
ice sheets and glaciers
fresh water distribution
30.1%
ground water
fresh water distributions
0.3%
other fresh water distributions
liquid water at surface - lakes (89%) rivers (2%), swaps (11%)
precipitation
water that falls (gravitation) to earths surface
overland flow (sheet flow)
when water flows across land surface
run off
water stars flowing in established channels
infiltration
water soaks top of soil
percolation
water leaves bottom of soil/ gravity force
transpiration
water vapor entering the air thru plants
evapotranspiration (ET)
evaporation + transpiration
actual ET (ACTET)
actual amount of water into air
potential ET (POTET)
maximum possible ET
how dry/hot/windy the air is
Precip = ACTET (POTET - deficit) + surplus ± storage
soil - water balance equation
water from air = water sucked back into air + water led out once soil is full ± water added to or take from the soil
meteorological
prolonged below “normal” precipitation
type of drought
agricultural
dryness affecting crop yields
type of drought
hydrological
significant water supply shortage
type of drought
socioeconomic
impact on human life and likelihood
groundwater
important amount of runoff water pulled down through soil (in rock)
water table
top of zone of saturation
how far to dig for wells
spring
where the water table is exposed at earth’s surface
aquifer
permeable rock material
aquiclude
impermeable rock material
zone of aeration
rock material still has air in crack and pore space
water percolates
zone of saturation
gravity will have pulled down enough water down to fill all the crack and pores
industrial
___ deep injection wells
contamination sources
septic
__ system outflow
contamination
waste dump
toxic ___ ___ seepage
contamination sources
agricultural
____ chemicals
contamination sources
waste landfill
solid ___ ___ seepage
contamination sources
hydraulic
___ fracturing (fracking)
contamination sources
groundwater recharge
soil as well
the process which water infiltrates the ground and replenishes soil moisture
through precipitation, infiltration
essential for maintaining ground level, support vegetation and water supplies