𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘦 𝘶𝘯𝘪𝘵

match the type of diffusion with the graphic

placelessness

doesn’t envoke emotional response; lakcs style

placemaking

process of a community coming together and transforming public places // ex. festivals, community gardens, etc

diaspora

dispersion

cultural divergence

individuals become separated from different aspectts of culture - may lead to abandonment

cultural convergence

different cultures merge (ex. mcdonalds)

protolanguage

deepest part of language organization, before language family. before written records of language. the roots

culture

a way of life underpinned by particular values and traditions

cultural synthesis, syncretism

blending together of two or more cultural influences

cultural landscape

the visible material landscape that cultural groups create as they inhabit the earth // ex. the great wall of China, Stonehenge, neighborhoods, parks, sacred places, farms and ranches, etc.

diffusion

the process by which information or idea spreads from one place to another over time

hearth

place where an idea/innovation originates

innovator

person who is responsible for creating the idea or innovation and initiating the diffusion process

adopter

person who accepts or receives the idea or innovation

expansion diffusion

develops in a hearth and remains strong there while also spreading outwards // ex. Islam being spread throughout the world but still being strong in the hearth, the Middle East

contagious diffusion

uniformly affects all individuals and areas outward from source // ex. internet trends, COVID, etc.

hierarchal diffusion

spread of an idea/innovation from one key person or node of authority/power // ex. celebrities promoting brands, gov., etc.

reverse hierarchal diffusion

spread of an idea/innovation from not a popular/key person // ex. hip hop music

stimulus diffusion

when something spread but changed by the people who adapt the idea/innovation // ex. football culture has changed drastically

relocation diffusion

spread of an idea/innovation through the physical movement of people // ex. conversion of religion, language (conquistadors), etc.

globalization

the spread of ideas/innovation/products/people around ideas

folk culture

culture that is traditionally practiced by small, homogenous groups living in isolated rural areas // ex. the Sami, Amish, oral folklore, traditional ceremonies, regional dialects and slang, etc.

popular culture

culture found in large, heterogenous societies that share certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics // ex. fashion week, Hollywood films, fast food restaurants, pop music, etc.

language family

a collection of language related through a common ancestry that existed long before recorded history

race

perceived physical differences resulting in peoples becoming/being classified by skin and eye color, etc. // ex. Pacific Islander, White, Asian, African, Aboriginal, etc.

ethnicity

common connections based off common cultural and historical origins // ex. Hispanic-Americans, etc.

revived language

language that was once extinct but then came back, extremely rare // ex. Hebrew; was used to bring people together, official language of Israel.

ghettos

areas where minorities live, usually, due to economic or political pressure

language branches

a collection of languages within a family, related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years

ethnic enclave

relatively small. ethnically homogenous areas situated within a larger and more diverse cultural context

sequent occupancy

diff. dominant cultures replace each other over time in one place/region // ex. NYC w/ British names like Queens, Williamsburg, etc.

acculturation

keeping one’s culture while adapting to another // ex. speaking native language at home than outside, Chinatown in NYC

assimilation

eliminating one’s culture and absorbing a new one, loses original culture // ex. residential schools in Canada, Native Americans forced to give up their culture and speak English

syncretism

when traits from two distinct cultures fuse to form a new cultural trait // ex. Sikhism is a fusion of Hinduism and Islam, tex-mex, jazz, idea of Santa, etc.

multiculturalism

the coexistence of several cultures in one society, with the idea of all cultures being valued and worth of practice // ex. NYC, Singapore, etc.

nativism

favoring those born in a country over immigrants // ex. Alien and Sedition acts, marginalization of Irish Immigrants, discrimination with Hispanic immigrants in America because they “were stealing their jobs”

centripetal force

force that unites people together, leading to strengthening the state // ex. The Boston Tea Party made New England people unite by sharing the same problem—the British rule and how it has suppressed them. They then revolted together.

centrifugal force

things that pull people apart

monotheistic

belief in and worship of one God

polytheistic

belief in and worship of more than 1 God

language group

a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively past and display many similarities in grammar and vocabulary

official languages

language designated by a country as the ones used by the government for laws, reports, and public objects // ex. (historic) Roman Empire expanded, troops brought their language (Latin) and suppressed native languages. (modern) French and English being official language of Canada, shown in gov. documents and taught in schools

dialect

a regional variation of a language distinguished by unique vocab, pronunciation, and spelling

isogloss

word usage boundaries determined by data collected directly from people // ex. how different Americans refer to carbonated drinks (pop, soda, coke)

pidgin language

a simplified form of a language // ex. in India, people may speak in a simplified improper form of English to communicate

creole language

mixing of colonizers language with indigenous language // ex. Louisiana creole, Papiamento

lingua franca

language of international communication // ex. English, French, etc.

isolated languages

language unrelated to any other and therefore not attached to any language family // ex. Basque

endangered languages

language that’s endangered or becoming extinct // ex. Hawaiian, Irish Gaelic, Chamicuro

extinct languages

language that is no longer spoken or used in daily activities by anyone in the world

dead languages

language that is spoken by second-language speakers, taught by written records // ex. Latin, Ancient Greek, Sanskrit

introvert architecture

concealing architecture; emphasis on privacy

extrovert architecture

revealing architecture

modern architecture

developed during the 20th century that expresses geometric ordered forms or rectangular steel and glass skyscrapers in 1970s and 80s. blocky

postmodern architecture

category within contemporary architecture that abandons blocky rectilinear shapes and in favor with wavy, crystalline, or bending shapes

contemporary architecture

more organic, use of curvature, uses green energy technologies, recycled materials, nontraditional materials, etc.

cape cod

pitched roof but no other identifying features, generally a story and a half high, with a steep, pitched roof and center chimney

saltbox

two stories in front and one in back, having a pitched roof with unequal sides, being short and high in front and long and low in back

Federalist or Georgian

late 1700s and early 1800s in Anglo-America. two-three story urban townhomes, Greek and Roman designs and stone carvings, stand-alone on windows and rooflines, symmetrical homes has central doorways and equal number of windows

The I-house

average family home in US and Canada. rectangular home; central door, one window on each side of home’s front and three on second floor. house style diffused and rectangle shape and symmetry was lost

pagoda

several levels in which each has winged roofs curving upward found in Buddhism

stupa

dome on top, sometimes situated on a base that varies in shape and size has a pair of eyes, found in Buddhism

minarets

narrow towers that are pointed on top found in Islamic religious buildings

received pronunciation

posh English

cockney

language of working class areas in East London docklands, not at all posh. influential for formation of Australian English

cockney rhyming slang

odd but humorous use of code phrases for everyday situations // ex. “going up the apples” - going up the stairs; pears rhyming with stairs, apples and pears

Moroccan cuisine

main dishes incorporate halal meats, served with couscous, chickpeas, and root vegetables food is flavored with a variety of spices and hummus

continental cuisine

emerged from mainland Europe

haute cuisine

pretentious “high cooking” French food main meat course w sauce, side dishes of veg and potatoes

nouvelle cuisine

contemporary form of continental styles // ex. California-style cuisine, it uses lighter alternatives; lighter meats, healthier sauces, etc.

compromising religions

ability to reform or integrate other beliefs into their doctrinal practices

fundamentalists

have little interest in compromising beliefs and strictly adhere to their scriptures

syncretic religions (syncretism)

core beliefs from two or more other religions to make one religion // ex. Druze

Aesop’s fables

folklore from classical Greeks has moral to story for behavior

Melanesians

race group that have dark skin coloration, thin bodies, angular facial features, curly hair, found in New Guinea, New , Fiji

Polynesians

lighter brown skin, heavyset body shape, curly hair in Tonga, Samoa, New Zealand, Tahiti, Hawaii

Micronesians

light brown skin color, medium body shape, curly hair in Micronesia

Aboriginals

light brown skin, medium body type, wavy hair in Australia

indigenous population

people who originally settled an area

Mestizos

people who have cultural and genetic heritage from European & indigenous backgrounds

Mulattos

people who have mixed African and European heritage

Garifuna

mixed indigenous and African peoples

creole

describes people or culture that’s derived from European Native American, and African

Ratzel

father of modern human geography. made environmental determinism

environmental determinism

physical geography dictates culture’s traits

Carl Sauer

made possibilism, debated against environmental determinism

possibilism

cultures were partially shaped by their environment. cultures made significant modifications to landscape to meet needs

lebensraum

physical geography is optimal for that culture group // ex. Nazis use this idea to expand their “optimal” German culture. after war, ideologies like this persisted in racism creating xenophobia

xenophobia

fear of outsiders

ethnocentrism

belief in the superiority of one’s nation or ethnic group

cultural relativism

idea that individuals’ beliefs and activities can only be understood in the context of that person’s culture , polar opposite to ethnocentrism

internal identity

explaining culture to one’s own culture

external identity

explaining culture to a different culture

region

area of bounded space with a homogenous characteristic

fuzzy borders

borders where it’s hard to tell where one (cultural) region ends and another begins

contemporary culture region example

Mormon culture region in American West both a formal and functional, formal is felt concentrated in Intermountain West and has a central place (functional) in Salt Lake City

formal regions

homogeneity across region

functional or nodal region

distinct central place within region

William Delevan

worked on depopulation of Native Americans in early colonial era his studies show that there was a very large decline in NA population because of European diseases

nirvana

where someone achieves total consciousness, enlightenment ,the highest level of existence