match the type of diffusion with the graphic
placelessness
doesn’t envoke emotional response; lakcs style
placemaking
process of a community coming together and transforming public places // ex. festivals, community gardens, etc
diaspora
dispersion
cultural divergence
individuals become separated from different aspectts of culture - may lead to abandonment
cultural convergence
different cultures merge (ex. mcdonalds)
protolanguage
deepest part of language organization, before language family. before written records of language. the roots
culture
a way of life underpinned by particular values and traditions
cultural synthesis, syncretism
blending together of two or more cultural influences
cultural landscape
the visible material landscape that cultural groups create as they inhabit the earth // ex. the great wall of China, Stonehenge, neighborhoods, parks, sacred places, farms and ranches, etc.
diffusion
the process by which information or idea spreads from one place to another over time
hearth
place where an idea/innovation originates
innovator
person who is responsible for creating the idea or innovation and initiating the diffusion process
adopter
person who accepts or receives the idea or innovation
expansion diffusion
develops in a hearth and remains strong there while also spreading outwards // ex. Islam being spread throughout the world but still being strong in the hearth, the Middle East
contagious diffusion
uniformly affects all individuals and areas outward from source // ex. internet trends, COVID, etc.
hierarchal diffusion
spread of an idea/innovation from one key person or node of authority/power // ex. celebrities promoting brands, gov., etc.
reverse hierarchal diffusion
spread of an idea/innovation from not a popular/key person // ex. hip hop music
stimulus diffusion
when something spread but changed by the people who adapt the idea/innovation // ex. football culture has changed drastically
relocation diffusion
spread of an idea/innovation through the physical movement of people // ex. conversion of religion, language (conquistadors), etc.
globalization
the spread of ideas/innovation/products/people around ideas
folk culture
culture that is traditionally practiced by small, homogenous groups living in isolated rural areas // ex. the Sami, Amish, oral folklore, traditional ceremonies, regional dialects and slang, etc.
popular culture
culture found in large, heterogenous societies that share certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics // ex. fashion week, Hollywood films, fast food restaurants, pop music, etc.
language family
a collection of language related through a common ancestry that existed long before recorded history
race
perceived physical differences resulting in peoples becoming/being classified by skin and eye color, etc. // ex. Pacific Islander, White, Asian, African, Aboriginal, etc.
ethnicity
common connections based off common cultural and historical origins // ex. Hispanic-Americans, etc.
revived language
language that was once extinct but then came back, extremely rare // ex. Hebrew; was used to bring people together, official language of Israel.
ghettos
areas where minorities live, usually, due to economic or political pressure
language branches
a collection of languages within a family, related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years
ethnic enclave
relatively small. ethnically homogenous areas situated within a larger and more diverse cultural context
sequent occupancy
diff. dominant cultures replace each other over time in one place/region // ex. NYC w/ British names like Queens, Williamsburg, etc.
acculturation
keeping one’s culture while adapting to another // ex. speaking native language at home than outside, Chinatown in NYC
assimilation
eliminating one’s culture and absorbing a new one, loses original culture // ex. residential schools in Canada, Native Americans forced to give up their culture and speak English
syncretism
when traits from two distinct cultures fuse to form a new cultural trait // ex. Sikhism is a fusion of Hinduism and Islam, tex-mex, jazz, idea of Santa, etc.
multiculturalism
the coexistence of several cultures in one society, with the idea of all cultures being valued and worth of practice // ex. NYC, Singapore, etc.
nativism
favoring those born in a country over immigrants // ex. Alien and Sedition acts, marginalization of Irish Immigrants, discrimination with Hispanic immigrants in America because they “were stealing their jobs”
centripetal force
force that unites people together, leading to strengthening the state // ex. The Boston Tea Party made New England people unite by sharing the same problem—the British rule and how it has suppressed them. They then revolted together.
centrifugal force
things that pull people apart
monotheistic
belief in and worship of one God
polytheistic
belief in and worship of more than 1 God
language group
a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively past and display many similarities in grammar and vocabulary
official languages
language designated by a country as the ones used by the government for laws, reports, and public objects // ex. (historic) Roman Empire expanded, troops brought their language (Latin) and suppressed native languages. (modern) French and English being official language of Canada, shown in gov. documents and taught in schools
dialect
a regional variation of a language distinguished by unique vocab, pronunciation, and spelling
isogloss
word usage boundaries determined by data collected directly from people // ex. how different Americans refer to carbonated drinks (pop, soda, coke)
pidgin language
a simplified form of a language // ex. in India, people may speak in a simplified improper form of English to communicate
creole language
mixing of colonizers language with indigenous language // ex. Louisiana creole, Papiamento
lingua franca
language of international communication // ex. English, French, etc.
isolated languages
language unrelated to any other and therefore not attached to any language family // ex. Basque
endangered languages
language that’s endangered or becoming extinct // ex. Hawaiian, Irish Gaelic, Chamicuro
extinct languages
language that is no longer spoken or used in daily activities by anyone in the world
dead languages
language that is spoken by second-language speakers, taught by written records // ex. Latin, Ancient Greek, Sanskrit
introvert architecture
concealing architecture; emphasis on privacy
extrovert architecture
revealing architecture
modern architecture
developed during the 20th century that expresses geometric ordered forms or rectangular steel and glass skyscrapers in 1970s and 80s. blocky
postmodern architecture
category within contemporary architecture that abandons blocky rectilinear shapes and in favor with wavy, crystalline, or bending shapes
contemporary architecture
more organic, use of curvature, uses green energy technologies, recycled materials, nontraditional materials, etc.
cape cod
pitched roof but no other identifying features, generally a story and a half high, with a steep, pitched roof and center chimney
saltbox
two stories in front and one in back, having a pitched roof with unequal sides, being short and high in front and long and low in back
Federalist or Georgian
late 1700s and early 1800s in Anglo-America. two-three story urban townhomes, Greek and Roman designs and stone carvings, stand-alone on windows and rooflines, symmetrical homes has central doorways and equal number of windows
The I-house
average family home in US and Canada. rectangular home; central door, one window on each side of home’s front and three on second floor. house style diffused and rectangle shape and symmetry was lost
pagoda
several levels in which each has winged roofs curving upward found in Buddhism
stupa
dome on top, sometimes situated on a base that varies in shape and size has a pair of eyes, found in Buddhism
minarets
narrow towers that are pointed on top found in Islamic religious buildings
received pronunciation
posh English
cockney
language of working class areas in East London docklands, not at all posh. influential for formation of Australian English
cockney rhyming slang
odd but humorous use of code phrases for everyday situations // ex. “going up the apples” - going up the stairs; pears rhyming with stairs, apples and pears
Moroccan cuisine
main dishes incorporate halal meats, served with couscous, chickpeas, and root vegetables food is flavored with a variety of spices and hummus
continental cuisine
emerged from mainland Europe
haute cuisine
pretentious “high cooking” French food main meat course w sauce, side dishes of veg and potatoes
nouvelle cuisine
contemporary form of continental styles // ex. California-style cuisine, it uses lighter alternatives; lighter meats, healthier sauces, etc.
compromising religions
ability to reform or integrate other beliefs into their doctrinal practices
fundamentalists
have little interest in compromising beliefs and strictly adhere to their scriptures
syncretic religions (syncretism)
core beliefs from two or more other religions to make one religion // ex. Druze
Aesop’s fables
folklore from classical Greeks has moral to story for behavior
Melanesians
race group that have dark skin coloration, thin bodies, angular facial features, curly hair, found in New Guinea, New , Fiji
Polynesians
lighter brown skin, heavyset body shape, curly hair in Tonga, Samoa, New Zealand, Tahiti, Hawaii
Micronesians
light brown skin color, medium body shape, curly hair in Micronesia
Aboriginals
light brown skin, medium body type, wavy hair in Australia
indigenous population
people who originally settled an area
Mestizos
people who have cultural and genetic heritage from European & indigenous backgrounds
Mulattos
people who have mixed African and European heritage
Garifuna
mixed indigenous and African peoples
creole
describes people or culture that’s derived from European Native American, and African
Ratzel
father of modern human geography. made environmental determinism
environmental determinism
physical geography dictates culture’s traits
Carl Sauer
made possibilism, debated against environmental determinism
possibilism
cultures were partially shaped by their environment. cultures made significant modifications to landscape to meet needs
lebensraum
physical geography is optimal for that culture group // ex. Nazis use this idea to expand their “optimal” German culture. after war, ideologies like this persisted in racism creating xenophobia
xenophobia
fear of outsiders
ethnocentrism
belief in the superiority of one’s nation or ethnic group
cultural relativism
idea that individuals’ beliefs and activities can only be understood in the context of that person’s culture , polar opposite to ethnocentrism
internal identity
explaining culture to one’s own culture
external identity
explaining culture to a different culture
region
area of bounded space with a homogenous characteristic
fuzzy borders
borders where it’s hard to tell where one (cultural) region ends and another begins
contemporary culture region example
Mormon culture region in American West both a formal and functional, formal is felt concentrated in Intermountain West and has a central place (functional) in Salt Lake City
formal regions
homogeneity across region
functional or nodal region
distinct central place within region
William Delevan
worked on depopulation of Native Americans in early colonial era his studies show that there was a very large decline in NA population because of European diseases
nirvana
where someone achieves total consciousness, enlightenment ,the highest level of existence