S2 AP human

Census

a systematic process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting demographic data about a population at a specific time.

Environmental determinism

Belief that natural factors controls the development of human qualities (theory that nature controls the way people do stuff)

Geographic information system

a powerful tool that captures, stores, analyzes, and visualizes geographic data.

Guest workers

individuals who temporarily migrate to a foreign country for employment purposes, often filling labor shortages in specific sectors.

International Date Line

an imaginary line that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole, roughly following the 180th meridian of longitude.

Isogloss

A line around places where speakers use a linguistic feature in the same way (soda/pop)

Language Family

a group of languages that are related through descent from a common ancestral language, known as a proto-language.

More developed country

a nation that has achieved a high level of economic growth and advanced technological infrastructure, resulting in a high standard of living for its citizens.

Outsourcing

the practice of delegating specific tasks or services to external companies or individuals, often in different countries, to reduce costs and improve efficiency.

Pastoral nomadism

a form of subsistence agriculture where people rely primarily on the herding of livestock for their livelihood, moving their animals seasonally to find fresh pastures and water.

Pidgin language

A simplified form of a lingua franca used for communication between two groups of people that speak different language languages

Population pyramid

graphical representations that show the distribution of various age groups in a population, typically divided by gender.

Technopole

specialized areas or regions that focus on the development and promotion of high-tech industries and advanced technology. These hubs bring together universities, research institutions, and businesses to foster innovation and technological advancement, creating a collaborative environment that enhances industrial growth and competitiveness.

Textile

the production of fabrics and garments, playing a critical role in the development of modern economies.

Transnational corporation

large companies that operate in multiple countries, often managing production or delivering services across borders while having a headquarters in one country.

Break of bulk point

location where goods are transferred from one mode of transportation to another, facilitating the movement of cargo in trade

Chlorofluorocarbon

man-made compounds that consist of chlorine, fluorine, carbon, and hydrogen.

Creole language

A pidgin that has survived long enough to become a mother tongue

Ecotourism

A form of sustainable tourism that focuses on experiencing natural environments, promoting conservation and benefiting local communities.

Edge city

urban centers that emerge on the outskirts of traditional cities, characterized by a concentration of retail, office space, and entertainment facilities.

Extinct language

Languages that no longer have any speakers or native users.

Intensive agriculture

A farming practice that aims to maximize yields from a given area of land through the use of high levels of inputs, such as labor, fertilizers, and technology.

Isolated language

A language that is not related to any other known language family, meaning it stands alone and has no clear linguistic ancestors, often due to geographic isolation of the people who speak it

Devolution

The transfer of power from a central government to a lower level of government, such as a regional or local government.

Lingua Franca

A language that is used as a common means of communication between speakers of different native languages.

Literary tradition

The body of written works, genres, styles, themes, and techniques that have been passed down through generations.

Pilgrimage

A journey to a sacred place or shrine, often undertaken for spiritual or religious reasons.

Plantation

an agricultural practice where large farms, specialize in the production of cash crops, which are typically grown for sale rather than subsistence. This type of farming is often characterized by monoculture, where a single crop is cultivated extensively, and it usually relies on labor-intensive methods, often utilizing both seasonal and permanent workers.

Shifting cultivation

An agricultural practice where farmers clear a plot of land, grow crops for a few years, and then move to a new area, allowing the previously used land to regenerate.

Zoning Ordinance

A legal framework that governs how land in a certain area can be used, including the types of buildings allowed and their density.

Blockbusting

A real estate practice where agents induce panic selling in a neighborhood by suggesting that racial or ethnic minorities are moving in, thus manipulating homeowners to sell their properties at lower prices.

Concentric zone model

Describes urban land use patterns in a city. It posits that cities grow outward from a central point in a series of concentric rings, each with distinct characteristics and functions, highlighting how social structures and economic activities spatially relate within urban environments.

Dialect

Regional or social variations of a language that differ in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar.

Filtering

The process where houses gradually decline in quality over time and are occupied by lower-income households as higher-income residents move to newer, better quality housing

Gentrification

A complex urban process where deteriorating neighborhoods undergo transformation through an influx of more affluent residents, leading to increased property values and the displacement of long-term, lower-income residents.

Gravity Model

Suggests that larger places attract more people, goods, and information, while distance acts as a barrier to these interactions, making it a critical tool in understanding spatial relationships in geography.

Stable crop

A basic food that is eaten regularly and in large quantities, forming the foundation of a diet.

Rank size rule

A principle that describes the relationship between the size of a city and its rank in a hierarchy of cities within a particular area.

Redlining

Discriminatory practice in which banks, insurers, and other financial institutions refuse or limit loans, mortgages, insurance, or other services to individuals based on the racial or ethnic composition of the area in which they live.

Sect

A smaller group that has broken away from a larger religious organization, typically with differing beliefs or practices.

Sector model

an urban land use theory developed by economist Homer Hoyt in 1939, which suggests that a city develops in sectors or wedges radiating out from the central business district (CBD) rather than in concentric circles.

Swidden

a patch of land cleared for farming through the "slash-and-burn" method, where trees and vegetation are cut down, left to dry, then burned to create a temporary, fertile area for planting crops

Ubiquitous

The state of being everywhere at any given time

Universalizing religion

Belief system that seek to be applicable to all people, regardless of culture or location, and actively promote the idea of spreading their faith.

Compact state

A type of political entity where the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly, resulting in a roughly circular shape.

EEZ ( Exclusive Economic Zone)

A maritime zone extending up to 200 nautical miles from a coastal state's baseline, where the state has exclusive rights to explore and exploit marine resources.

Elongated state

Countries that are significantly longer in one dimension than they are wide, often presenting unique challenges and advantages in governance and administration.

Fragmented state

A type of political entity characterized by its geographic separation, consisting of multiple disconnected territories. This separation can arise from various factors such as physical barriers like water or mountains, or historical events that led to the division of territory.

Franglais

The hybrid English-French language resulting from a combination of the two.

Global positioning systems

A satellite-based navigation system that provides location and time information anywhere on Earth.

Greenbelt

Designated areas of open land around urban centers that limit urban sprawl and promote sustainability by preserving natural landscapes.

Industrial Revolution

A shift from manual labor and craft production to machine-based manufacturing, and a corresponding increase in the productivity and output of goods.

Landlocked state

Countries that do not have any coastline or access to oceanic waters, which can significantly impact their political power and territoriality.

Microstate

A small sovereign state that has a very limited land area and population, often characterized by its unique governance and economic structures.

Nation state

A political entity characterized by a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states, while also embodying a shared cultural identity among its people.

Perforated state

Countries that completely surround another state, creating a situation where the enclosed state is dependent on the surrounding state for access to the outside world.

Place

A specific location characterized by its physical and human attributes, shaping the identity and meaning of that area.

Taboo

Cultural or social prohibitions that dictate what behaviors, practices, or discussions are considered unacceptable or forbidden within a society. These restrictions often arise from deeply rooted beliefs, values, or traditions and serve to maintain social order by discouraging actions that might disrupt harmony or offend certain groups.

Buffer State

A country lying between two rival or potentially hostile greater powers, often serving as a zone of separation.

Bulk gaining industry

Make products that weigh more after assembly than before assembly

Bulk reducing industry

Makes products that weigh less after assembly than before assembly.

Centripetal force

Serve to unify and stabilize a state, promoting national cohesion and a sense of belonging among its citizens.

Federal state

A political entity characterized by the division of powers between a central government and regional governments, allowing for multiple levels of governance.

Formal region

Groups of areal units that have a high degree of homogeneity in terms of distinguishing features

Functional/nodal region

A geographic area defined by a specific set of activities or interactions that occur within it, often centered around a node or focal point. Ex. A City

Intervening obstacle

Barriers that hinder or prevent migration from one place to another, affecting the decision-making process for potential migrants.

Factory farm

An industrialized form of agriculture that focuses on maximizing production by using intensive methods and technology to raise livestock in confined spaces.

Missionary

Individuals who are sent on a mission to promote their religious beliefs and convert others to their faith.

Post-Fordist production

The economic and production model that emerged after the Fordist model, which emphasized mass production and standardized goods.

Sovereignty

The authority of a state to govern itself and make its own laws without external interference.

Squatter Setttlements

Densely populated areas where people establish homes on land they do not own or have legal rights to, often arising due to rapid urbanization and a lack of affordable housing.

Subsistence agriculture

A type of farming where the primary goal is to produce enough food for the farmer and their family, rather than for sale or trade.

Vernacular/ Perceptual region

A place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity, often defined by informal and subjective criteria rather than strict geographic boundaries.

Agribusiness

The integrated system of agricultural production, processing, distribution, and marketing that encompasses a wide range of activities and services related to food production.

Animism

The belief that objects, places, and creatures possess a spiritual essence, making them alive in a way. This perspective views the natural world as interconnected, where everything has a spirit or life force.

Cultural shatterbelt

A region where diverse cultural groups, often with conflicting interests, coexist and interact, leading to significant cultural fragmentation and tension.

Local culture

The practices, beliefs, and customs that are unique to a specific community or group, often rooted in a particular geographic area.

Footloose Industry

Industries that are not tied to specific locations due to their minimal resource needs and can operate anywhere with suitable conditions.

Infrastructure

Physical systems, facilities, and services that support the daily lives of people and businesses in an urban area

New Urbanism

An urban design movement that promotes walkable neighborhoods, mixed-use development, and sustainable living.

Nonmaterial Culture

The intangible aspects of a culture, including beliefs, values, norms, customs, and symbols that shape a group's social practices.

Polytheism

The belief in multiple “Gods”

Popular Culture

The set of ideas, practices, beliefs, and objects that are prevalent and widely accepted within mainstream society at a given time.

Prorupted State

Countries that have a long, narrow extension of territory that protrudes from the main landmass, often to access resources or coastlines.

Slash and Burn Agrigculture

An agricultural technique where vegetation is cut down and burned to clear land for cultivation.

Sprawl

The uncontrolled and unplanned expansion of urban areas into the surrounding rural land.

Truck Farming

The production of crops of some vegetables on an extensive scale in regions especially suited to their culture primarily for shipment to distant markets.

Unitary State

A form of government where most or all of the governing power resides in a centralized government, with little authority granted to local governments.

Agglomeration

The clustering of people or activities in a specific area, often leading to increased efficiency and economic benefits. It often occurs in urban areas where businesses and resources are concentrated, fostering innovation and collaboration.

Cultural Landscape

The visible imprint of human activity and culture on the physical environment, shaped by factors such as land use, architecture, and agricultural practices.

Epidemiological Transition

The model that describes the changing patterns of health and disease in a population as it undergoes economic development and social transformation.

Fordist Production

Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly. Is vertically integrated.

Gender Gap

The disparities between men and women in various aspects of life, including economic participation, educational attainment, health outcomes, and political representation.

Human Development Index

Measures the status of life in any given place based off of life expectancy, education levels, and income per capita.

Maquiladora

A manufacturing plant in Mexico that imports materials and equipment on a duty-free and tariff-free basis for assembly or manufacturing and then exports the finished products, often located near the US-Mexico border.

Relic boundary

A boundary that no longer functions but still holds significance, often reflecting historical or cultural divisions.

Polder

A low-lying tract of land that has been reclaimed from a body of water, typically through the construction of dikes and drainage systems. Commonly found in the Netherlands, where they are used for agriculture and habitation.

Pull factor

A reason that motivates individuals to move to a new location, often related to better opportunities or quality of life.

Purchasing power parity

an economic theory that states that in the long run, exchange rates should adjust so that identical goods have the same price in different countries when expressed in a common currency.

Push factor

a condition or circumstance that drives individuals to leave their current location, often due to negative aspects such as conflict, economic hardship, or environmental disasters.