4 or 5

Who wrote “The Trial of Rizal”?

Miguel A. Bernad, S.J

What is Bernad’s main argument?

Rizal’s trial followed legal form but violated real justice.

Their evidence to rizal:

1. head of the katipunan

2. Liga filipina as subversive org.

3. Valenzuela trip to Dapitan

4. Project to have escape Rizal

5. Borneo project

Inconclusive evidence

• letter from Del pilar to Zuleta

• Mostly hearsay

• flawed testimonies

  1. Antonio Salazar

  2. Deodato Arellano

What are the three defining traits of Rizal’s trial?

Haste, legal formality, disregard for justice.

Where was Rizal imprisoned before trial?

Fort Santiago

How long did Rizal’s formal trial process last?

Less than one month.

Why was the trial rushed?

Political urgency due to the 1896 Revolution.

What holidays did not stop the proceedings?

A: Immaculate Conception and Christmas Day.

The Trial of Rizal by Miguel A.…

Q: What illusion did the trial create?

A: The illusion of fairness and due process.

The Trial of Rizal by Miguel A.

Rizal allowed to sign legal documents?

A: Yes, all transcripts were signed.

Q: Was Rizal allowed to sign legal documents?

A: Yes, all transcripts were signed.

The Trial of Rizal by Miguel A.…

Why was denial of witness confrontation unjust?

A: Witnesses were co-accused and unteste

Who served as Rizal’s defense counsel?

A: Lt. Luis de Taviel de Andrade.

The Trial of Rizal by Miguel A.…

What manifesto did Rizal request to publish?

A disavowal of the armed revolution.

Why was Rizal’s manifesto rejected and who rejected this?

• He did not renounce future independence.

• reject by De la Pena because it lacks the ardent expression of spain

When were Rizal’s properties confiscated?

Before he was convicted.

Why was the court-martial itself unjust?

Rizal was a civilian, not a soldier.

What crimes was Rizal accused of?

Rebellion and illegal association.

How does Bernad classify the evidence?

Irrelevant and inconclusive

Why were witness testimonies unreliable?

Hearsay, coercion, and contradictions.

Why were Rizal’s poems irrelevant evidence?

They show patriotism, not rebellion.

Why were many letters invalid as evidence?

Rizal did not write or receive them.

What did the Valenzuela visit prove?

Rizal opposed armed rebellion.

What was the true nature of the Borneo project?

Humanitarian resettlement, not revolution.

When was Rizal sentenced to death?

December 26, 1896

When and where was Rizal executed?

December 30, 1896, Bagumbayan

According to Bernad, why was Rizal really executed?

His ideas inspired revolution.