6.4 AMSCO Vocab

New South

Some Southerners promoted a vision with a self-sufficient economy, built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, modernized transportation, and improved race relations. However, its agricultural past and racial divisions provided more continuity than change

Henry Grady

managing editor of Atlanta Constitution; leading advocate of a "New South;" promoted industrial development with Atlanta as its center of growth.

Birmingham

steel

Memphis

lumber

Richmond

tobacco

National rail network

Southern railroad companies rapidly converted to the standard gauge rails used in the North and West, so the South was integrated into this. The South's rate of postwar growth from 1865 to 1900 equaled or surpassed that of the rest of the country in population, industry, and railroads

Tenant farmers

rented land

Sharecropping

paid for the use of land with a share of the crop

George Washington Carver

African American farmer and food scientist. His research improved farming in the South by developing new products using peanuts.

Tuskegee Institute

Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves and prosper. Carver studied here in Alabama.

White supremacists

favored treating AfricanAmericans as social inferiors by separating, or segregating, public facilities byrace

Civil Rights Cases of 1883

Legalized segregation with regard to private property. Name attached to five cases brought under the Civil Rights Act of 1875. In 1883, the Supreme Court decided that discrimination in a variety of public accommodations, including theaters, hotels, and railroads, could not be prohibited by the act because such discrimination was private discrimination and not state discrimination.

Plessy v. Fergusen

Trial where the Supreme Court upheld "separate but equal"

Jim Crow Laws

Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights

Literacy tests

tests requiring reading or comprehension skills as a qualification for voting

Poll taxes

Small taxes levied on the right to vote that often fell due at a time of year when poor African-American sharecroppers had the least cash on hand. This method was used by most Southern states to exclude African Americans from voting. Poll taxes were declared void by the Twenty-fourth Amendment in 1964.

Grandfather clauses

Law that excused a voter from literacy test if his grandfather had been eligible to vote

Lynch mobs

this racial tactic killed more than 1,400 men during the 1890's

Economic discrimination

After Reconstruction, economic discrimination was widespread in the South. Most African Americans were kept out of skilled trades and factory jobs. African Americans remained in farming and low-paying domestic work

Ida B. Wells

Woman African-American journalist who led the fight against lynching and Jim Crow Laws. editor of the Memphis Free Speech.

International Migration Society

Other Black leaders advocated leaving the South. Bishop Henry Turner formed this to help Blacks emigrate to Africa

Booker T. Washington

Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery."

W.E.B. DuBois

Opposed Booker T. Washington. Demanded an end to segregation and the granting of equal civil rights to all Americans.

Atlanta Compromise

a belief that Black andWhite Southerners shared a responsibility for making their region prosper. Hethought African Americans should focus on working hard at their jobs and notchallenge segregation and discrimination. In return, Whites should supporteducation and even some legal rights for African Americans: ideology of Booker T. Washington

Economic cooperation

Booker T. Washington's National Negro Business League emphasized racial harmony. won praise from many Whites, including industrialist Andrew Carnegie and President Theodore Roosevelt.