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What is the make-up of the cardiovascular system?

1. Heart

2. Vasculature/vessels (arteries

Similar _________ structure is relatively conserved across mammalian species

Cone-shaped

The heart is located in the:

• Mediastinum

• Within the thorax

the space between the lungs

What circuit are the LUNGS on?

Pulmonary circuit

The PULMONARY circuit contains oxygen _____ blood

Poor

After gas exchange

oxygen poor blood comes from the systemic circuit back to the:

heads to the lungs to get oxygen

What circuit are SYSTEMATIC TISSUES on?

Systemic circuit

The SYSTEMIC circuit contains oxygen _____ blood

Rich

Oxygen rich blood comes from the pulmonary circuit:

Enters the heart

Blood passes through the heart ______ before completing one route

Twice

What are the four main chambers of the heart?

1. Right atrium

2. Left atrium

3. Right ventricle

4. Left ventricle

What are other major components of heart anatomy?

1. Aorta

2. Vena cava (superior and inferior)

3. Pulmonary artery

4. Pulmonary vein

The LEFT atrium and ventricle:

Receive and pump OXYGENATED blood from the lungs to the rest of the body

Left ventricle pumps blood into the ______

the largest artery in the body

The RIGHT atrium and ventricle:

Receive and pump DEOXYGENATED blood from the periphery to the lungs

Right ventricle pumps blood into the ______

the only artery that pumps deoxygenated blood

Valves that separate atria from ventricles:

Atrioventricular valves

• Tricuspid valve

• Mitral/bicuspid valve

Tricuspid valve

Separates the right atrium from right ventricle

Mitral (bicuspid) valve

Separates the left atrium from left ventricle

Valves that separate ventricles from arteries:

Semilunar valves

• Pulmonary valve

• Aortic valve

Pulmonary valve

Separates the right ventricle from pulmonary artery

Aortic valve

Separates left ventricle from aorta

What is the Myocardium?

The muscular tissue of the heart.

What is the Myocardium made up of?

Cardiomyocytes

What is the structure of Cardiomyocytes?

• Striated

• Cylindrical

• Rod-shaped

• Self-beating (most important quality)

Neurons control heart _______

Contraction

What are Neurons?

• Nerve cells

• Natural pacemaker cells

• Autonomic (involuntary) nervous system

What is the function of the Sinoatrial (SA) node?

Pacemaker

establishes rhythm

What is the function of the Atrioventricular (AV) node?

Connects atria and ventricles

What is the His bundle?

Bundle of AV node branches

What is the function of Purkinje fibers?

Contracts vesicles

Purkinje fibers are the _____ cells in the heart

Biggest

Diastole phase

When the heart REFILLS with blood

Systole phase

Contraction of atria or ventricles that forces blood OUT

What is Cardiac diastole?

• All chambers are relaxed

• Blood flows into heart

What is Atrial systole/Ventricular diastole?

• Atria contracts

• Blood is pushed into the ventricles

What is Atrial diastole/Ventricular systole?

• After atria relax

What does Tachycardia mean?

Fast heartbeat

What does Bradycardia mean?

Slow heartbeat

What does Arrhythmia/fibrillation mean?

Irregular heartbeat

P-wave

Activation of the atria

QRS complex

Activation of the ventricles

T-wave

Recovery wave

What is Auscultation?

Listening to the internal sounds of the body with a stethoscope

What do the two main sounds indicate when using auscultation?

Closure of the valves

What does the "Lub" sound indicate?

Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves (S1)

What does the "Dub" sound indicate?

Closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves (S2)

Arteries pump blood ______ from heart

Away

Veins pump blood ______ from heart

To

What are Arterioles?

Small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries

What are Capillaries?

Smallest blood vessels that connect arterioles and venules

What are Venules?

Small veins that receive blood from the capillaries

What is the Tunica externa (Adventitia)?

Connective tissue sheath around vessel

What is the Tunica media?

• Thickest layer

• Muscular

• Controls vasoconstriction and vasodilation

What is the Tunica intima?

• Innermost layer of blood vessels

• Endothelium (elastic membrane in arteries)

What is the Lumen?

Central blood-containing space

Blood flows from _____ pressure to ______ low pressure

High (heart)

________ are the smallest vessel with only a Tunica intima layer

to allow for gas exchange

For blood in the _______

to flow back into the heart

Diameter of vessles _____ when closer to the heart

Increases

There are more _____ across the system than any other vessel

Capillaries

Speed of blood _____ when in vessles

Slows down

Speed of blood ______ when heading towards the heart

Increases

Pressure in the vena cava is going to be ______ than the pressure in the atria

Slightly higher

The pulmonary system helps _____ the velocity of blood when heading back to the heart

Increase

One-way valves are in the _____

Veins

The valves in the veins allow blood ______

IN but not OUT

Skeletal muscle helps push blood ______

Through the body

Respiratory pumps allow _____

Blood flow towards the heart with each breath

What are Varicose veins?

Big

What causes Varicose veins?

• Poor venous return

• Lack of movement (valves in veins have reduced function)

What is Arteriosclerosis?

Thickening and hardening of vessel walls

What is Atherosclerosis?

Plaque buildup in the arteries

What causes Arteriosclerosis?

Age and high blood pressure

What causes Atherosclerosis?

Diet high in cholesterol/fat

What is the purpose of blood?

• Transport and distribute

• Maintain and regulate

• Help fight

Transport and distribute includes:

• Gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)

• Nutrients

• Waste products

• Hormones

Maintain and regulate includes:

• Body temperature

• pH levels

• Volume of fluids

Help fight includes:

• Pathogens

• Loss of blood

What are the major components of blood?

• Red blood cells

• White blood cells

• Platelets

• Plasma

Red blood cells (RBCs) scientific name:

Erythrocytes

White blood cells (WBCs) scientific name:

Leukocytes

Platelets scientific name:

Thrombocytes

What is in the fluid of plasma?

• Water (~90%)

• Proteins (albumin

Plasma is ____% of blood

55%

Buffy coat (platelets + leukocytes) is _____% of blood

<1%

Erythrocytes are _____% of blood

45%

What shape are erythrocytes?

Biconcave discs

What is the function of the biconcave disc shape?

Maximizes surface area

Erythrocytes are the ____ cell type in blood

Most abundant

Do erythrocytes have a nucleus?

No

they are anucleate

Erythrocytes contain:

Hemoglobin

The iron in ____ binds with oxygen

Heme

Iron gives RBCs their ______

Red color

The more oxygen

the more ____ blood cells are

There are ____ heme per hemoglobin

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