week 6: resilience and recovery

According to Lazarus and Folkman (1984), when does stress occur?

Stress occurs when an event is perceived as harmful or threatening, rather than being an inherent quality of the event itself.

What is the definition of “appraisal” in the context of stress?

It is the evaluation process that determines whether an event is stressful.

Define “primary appraisal”.

The evaluation process that determines if a situation is a threat, a challenge, or harmless.

Define “secondary appraisal”.

The process of assessing one’s ability to cope with a stressor and identifying specific coping strategies.

What is “reappraisal”?

The continuous reevaluation of a situation and one’s coping resources, where threats may become challenges or vice versa over time.

Define “problem-focused coping”.

A strategy that involves addressing the stressor directly to manage it.

Define “emotion-focused coping”.

A strategy focused on managing one’s internal emotional response to a stressor.

What is the general definition of “resilience”?

The ability to adapt and recover (“bounce back”) in the face of stress, adversity, or change.

According to the Broaden and Build theory, what acts as the “active ingredient” or buffer against crisis?

Positive emotions.

Define “post-traumatic growth” (PTG).

Positive psychological change experienced as a result of struggling with highly challenging life circumstances.

What is the “existential vacuum” described by Viktor Frankl?

A state of inner emptiness or meaninglessness where a person feels life lacks purpose of direction.

What is “logotherapy”?

A therapeutic method developed by Viktor Frankl that involves helping a patient find meaning in their life.

How does existentialism view the creation of meaning?

It posits that life has no inherent meaning, and individuals must create it through their own choices and actions.

In Absurdism, what is “the absurd”?

The clash between a human’s attempt to find meaning and the chaotic, indifferent universe.

What are the five aspects of well-being in Seligman’s PERMA model?

Positive emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment.

In Acoba’s (2024) study of Filipino adults, what type of social support did not show a stress-buffering effect?

Friend support.

What were the four psychological response groups identified by Valiente et al. (2020) during COVID-19?

Resilient, Recovered, Delayed distress, and Sustained distress.

According to Valiente et al. (2020), which demographic groups were more likely to show resilience?

Males and older adults.

What personality trait was linked to lower resilience in Nieto’s (2022) study?

Neuroticism (being easily stressed or worried).

In the Bonanno et al. (2005) 9/11 study, which response pattern was found to be the most common?

Resilience (low distress all along).

According to Frederickson et al. (2003), how did high-resilient individuals differ from low-resilient individuals after 9/11?

They experienced more positive emotions, found positive meaning in challenges, and had fewer depressive symptoms.

What does Seery et al. (2010) suggest about the relationship between “prior adversity” and mental health?

Moderate exposure to adversity (not too much, not none) predicts the best long-term mental health and better coping with new stressors.

What are the five main domains of the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996)?

1. New possibilities

2. Relating to others

3. Personal strength

4. Spiritual change

5. Appreciation of life

What did Almeida et al. (2022) find regarding the correlation between Meaning in Life and PTG?

There is a significant, moderate positive correlation; higher levels of meaning correspond with higher post-traumatic growth.

According to Villani et al. (2023), which meaning-making path had the greatest positive effect on well-being during the pandemic?

Prosocial behaviour (helping others).

What were Frankl’s three main ways to find meaning?

Creative/Accomplishment, Experiential/Encounters, and Attitudinal.

In the Li & Hu (2022) study of Chinese students, what factors were measured as “ingredients of resilience”?

Positive coping style, cognitive reappraisal, and psychological resilience.