SYG2000 Chapter 4 Study Guide

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30 Terms

1
Society
A group of people who live in a definable community and share the same culture.
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2
Hunter-Gatherer Societies
Societies that depend on hunting wild animals and gathering uncultivated plants for survival.
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3
Pastoral Societies
Societies that rely on the domestication of animals as a resource for survival.
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4
Horticultural Societies
Societies based around the cultivation of plants.
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5
Agricultural Societies
Societies that rely on farming as a way of life.
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6
Feudal Societies
Societies that operate on a strict hierarchical system of power based around land ownership and protection.
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7
Industrial Societies
Societies characterized by a reliance on mechanized labor to create material goods.
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8
Postindustrial Societies
Societies based on the production of information and services.
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9
Functionalism
The theoretical perspective that views society as a system of interrelated parts working together to maintain stability.
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10
Conflict Theory
Theoretical perspective that focuses on the struggles between different social classes and the power dynamics within society.
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11
Symbolic Interactionism
The theoretical framework that examines how individuals and groups interact, focusing on the creation of personal identity through these interactions.
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12
Social Constructions of Reality
The process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction.
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13
Thomas Theorem
The principle stating that 'If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.'
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14
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
A belief or prediction that influences actions in a way that causes the belief to come true.
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15
Role
Behavior expected of an individual who occupies a given social position or status.
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16
Status
Responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to their rank and role in society.
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17
Ascribed Status
A status that one is born into.
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18
Achieved Status
A status that one earns or chooses.
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19
Master Status
A status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person’s entire life.
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20
Role Strain
The stress experienced when incompatible demands are built into a single status.
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21
Role Conflict
Tension caused by competing demands between two or more roles pertaining to different statuses.
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22
Primary Groups
Small, informal groups of people who are closest to us.
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23
Secondary Groups
Larger and more impersonal groups that are task-focused and time-limited.
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24
In-Groups
Groups toward which we feel loyalty.
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25
Out-Groups
Groups toward which we feel antagonism.
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26
Social Institutions
Structures that provide for patterned relationships and that are organized around particular purposes.
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27
Examples of Social Institutions
Family, education, religion, government, and economy.
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28
The Evolution of Societies
Discusses the transformation from hunter-gatherer societies to postindustrial societies and the impact of technological advancements on social structures.
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29
The Role of Social Interaction
Explores how daily interactions and the interpretation of these interactions shape societal norms and individual identities.
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30
The Impact of Social Institutions
Examines how institutions like family, education, and government influence societal stability and change.
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