C2 Chemistry- Allotropes of Carbon

Allotropes

Allotropes- Different structural forms of the same element in the same physical state e.g carbon as a solid can take forms of diamond. graphite or fullerenes

This is known as 'allotropes of carbon’

Diamond

Giant covalent structure

Regular lattice of covalently bonded atoms meaning its very strong

Each carbon is covalently bonded to 4 other carbon atoms

Takes loads of energy to break it]

Very hugh melting point

Doenst conduct electricity no delocalised electrons

Graphite

Giant covalent structure

Regular lattice of covalently bonded atoms meaning its very strong

Each carbon is covalently bonded to 3 other carbon atoms

Takes loads of energy to break it]

Very high melting point, individual layers held together by covalent bon

Atoms in hexagonal rings

Arranged on top in layers help by weak intermolecular forces between the molecules

Soft and slippery

, Has a delocalised electron which can conduct electricity and heat

Graphene

Singler layer of graphite one atom thick

Extremely strong

High melting and boiling point as it has a large number of covalent bonds which take a lot of energy to break

Useful for producing new materials and electronics

Delocalised electron so it can conduct electricity

Fullerenes

Large SA to volume ratio so can make industrial catalysts to speed up rate of chemical reactions

Buckminsterfullerene made of 60 carbon atoms C60

Hollow shapes

Usually is hexagonal rings but can have rings with 5 or 7 atoms

Fullerenes can deliver drugs, be used as lubricants in machines

Carbon nanotubes are fullerenes in a long cylinder

They have a high tensile strength meaning w can apply a great stretching force before breaks

Good conductors of heat and electricity

Can be used to reinforce materials