Respiratory

External respiration

exchange of air in lung capillaries

Cause of breathing

carbon dioxide level

internal respiration

Gas exchange between blood and tissues.

Lungs

lobes are not mirror images

Hilum

blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic tissue, and bronchial tubes enter and exit

Adenoids

lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx; pharyngeal tonsils

Alveoli

air sacs in the lungs

apex of the lung

tip or uppermost portion of the lung

base of the lung

lower portion of the lung

Bronchioles

smallest branches of the bronchi

bronchus

branch of the trachea that is a passageway into the lung; bronchial tube

carbon dioxide

gas produced by body cells when oxygen and carbon atoms from food combine; exhaled through the lungs

Cilia

thin hairs attached to the mucous membrane epithelium lining the respiratory tract

Diaphragm

Muscle separating the chest and abdomen; contracts to pull air into lungs; relaxes to push air out

Epiglottis

lid-like piece of cartilage that covers the larynx, preventing food from entering the larynx and trachea during swallowing

Expiration

breathing out (exhalation)

glottis

slit-like opening to the larynx

inspiration

breathing in (inhalation)

Larynx

Voice box containing vocal cords.

Lobe

division of a lung

Mediastinum

Region between the lungs in the chest cavity. It contains the trachea, heart, lymph nodes, aorta, esophagus, and bronchial tubes.

Nares

openings through the nose carrying air into the nasal cavities

Oxygen

Gas that makes up 21 percent of the air. It passes into the bloodstream at the lungs and travels to all body cells.

palatine tonsil

one of a pair of almond-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue in the oropharynx

paranasal sinuses

one of the air cavities in the bones near the nose

parietal pleura

outer layer of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall

Pharynx

throat; including the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

pleural cavity

space between the folds of the pleura

Pleura

double-layered membrane surrounding each lung

pulmonary parenchyma

essential parts of the lung, responsible for respiration; bronchioles and alveoli

Respiration

process of moving air into and out of the lungs; breathing

Trachea

windpipe

visceral pleura

inner layer of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue

Adenoid/o

adenoids

alveol/o

alveolus, air sac

bronch/o

bronchial tube

bronchiol/o

bronchiole, small bronchus

capn/o

carbon dioxide

coni/o

to dust

cyan/o

blue

epiglott/o

epiglottis

laryng/o

larynx (voice box)

lob/o

lobe of the lung

mediastin/o

mediastinum

nas/o

nose

orth/o

straight, upright

ox/o

Oxygen

pector/o

chest

pharyng/o

pharynx (throat)

phon/o

voice

phren/o

diaphragm

pleur/o

pleura

Spirometer

instrument used to measure breathing

pneum/o

air, lung

pneumon/o, pulmon/o

lung

rhin/o

nose

Auscultation

listening to sounds within the body

Percussion

tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying structure

sinus/o

sinus, cavity

spir/o

breathing

tel/o

complete

thorac/o

chest

tonsill/o

tonsils

trache/o

trachea, windpipe

-ema

condition

-osmia

smell

-pnea

breathing

-ptysis

spitting

-sphyxia

Oxygen of the blood

-thorax

pleural cavity, chest

pleural rub

scratchy sound produced by pleural surfaces rubbing against each other

rales (crackles)

fine crackling sounds heard on auscultation (during inhalation) when there is fluid in the alveoli

rhonchi

Coarse, low-pitched breath sounds heard in patients with chronic mucus in the upper airways.

Wheezes

continuous high-pitched whistling sounds produced during breathing

Stridor

Harsh or high-pitched respiratory sound, caused by an obstruction of the air passages

Sputum

material expelled from the lungs by coughing

Croup

acute viral infection of infants and children with obstruction of the larynx, accompanied by barking cough and stridor

Diphtheria

acute infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by the diphtheria bacterium, can have immunity from ground up bacteria

Epitaxis

nosebleed

Pertussis

whooping cough; highly contagious bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea caused by Bordetella pertussis

Asthma

chronic inflammatory disorder with airway obstruction due to bronchial and bronchiolar edema and constriction

Bronchiectasis

chronic dilation of a bronchus, usually secondary to infection, treatments are noncurative, most likely caused by smoking

chronic bronchitis

inflammation of bronchi coming back over a long time; type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), can be from smoking, tend to be overweight and blue skin

Cystic Fibrosis

inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick mucinous secretions in the respiratory tract that do not drain normally, no cure

Sweat test

Test for chloride for cystic fibrosis

Actelectasis

collapsed lung, no breathing, looks like collapsed balloon, can be caused by tumor, hole or fluid pushing, types are obstructive(blockage) and non-obstructive(outside force)

Emphysema

Partially genetic, destroys lung tissue, no breathing, loss of elasticity of lungs, inflated lung and can cause heart failure

cor pulmonale

Right-Sided Heart Failure due to pulmonary hypertension caused by the accumulated effects of multiple small emboli in the lung

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

emphysema and chronic bronchitis

Smoking

Causes inflammation in alveoli

lung cancer

four types, small cell, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, large cell, can be from smoking

pneumoconiosis

abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs, with chronic inflammation, infection, and bronchitis, black lung disease

Types of dust particles from pneumoconiosis

anthracosis(coal dust), asbestosis(asbestos), silicosis(silica glass or rocks)

Pneumonia

Bacterial infection of the lungs, fluids in alveoli

infiltrate

Fluid-filled area within the lungs as seen on a chest x-ray or CT scan.

lobar pneumonia

involves an entire lobe of a lung

Bronchopneumonia

limited form of infection that produces patchy consolidation (abscesses) in the lung parenchyma

Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)

any pneumonia that results from contagious infection outside of a hospital or clinic, usually pneumonicocci

Hospital Acquired Pneumonia (HAP), nosocomial pneumonia

Acquired during hospitalization, usually staphylococci

aspiration pneumonia

caused by foreign matter that is inhaled into the lungs