Nutrition: Macronutrients Test

Monosaccharies

Glucose

Fructose

Galactose

Disaccharides

Maltose

Sucrose

Lactose

high fructose corn syrup

syrup obtained from the processing of corn

nutritive sweeteners

substances that sweeten and contribute energy to foods

Added sugars

sugars added to foods during processing or preparation

Alternative/Artificial sweeteners

substances that sweeten food and provide few to no calories

sugar alcohols

used to replace sucrose in some sugar-free foods

• sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol

nonnutritive sweeteners (high-intensity)

group of compounds that are intensely sweet tasting compared to sugar

PKU

Improper phenylalanine metabolism

• testing in all infants born in the US

Oligosaccharides

3-10 monosaccharides bonded together

Polysaccharides

10+ monosaccharides

• starch

• glycogen

• dietary fiber

Fiber AI

38 g for men

25 g for women

typical americans 16 g

Whole grains vs refined grains

the FDA allows products made from ground cereal grains to be labeled as whole grains if they contain the same proportions as in the intact grain

tips to reduce sugar intake

• replace sugar drinks with water

• add fruit to drinks

• read labels

• replace drinks with naturally flavored water

salivary amylase

enters the stomach acidic environment to aid starch digestion

Pancreatic amylase

enzyme secreted by the pancreas that breaks down starch

maltose monosaccarides

Glucose and glucose

Sucrose monosaccharides

glucose and fructose

lactose monosaccharides

glucose and galactose

transport of monosaccharides to the liver

• monosaccharides enter capillary network of villus

• transported to the liver via hepatic portal vein

  • used by liver to make glycogen or fat

  • released into bloodstream

insulin

hormone secreted from the BETA cells of the pancreas that contributes to a decrease in blood glucose levels

Glucagon

hormone secreted from the ALPHA cells of the pancreas that contributes to an increase in blood glucose levels

Lipolysis

breaking down stored triglycerides in adipose tissue into free fatty acids and glycerol to provide energy, primarily during fasting or exercise

Ketogenic diet

high-fat, moderate-protein, and very low-carbohydrate eating plan designed to shift the body’s metabolism into a state of ketosis, where it burns fat for fuel instead of glucose.

ketosis

state where the body burns fat for fuel instead of carbohydrates (glucose), producing ketones in the liver

Ketone bodies

molecules formed from fat metabolism that can be used as an alternative fuel for certain cells in the body when glucose levels are low

ketogenesis

metabolic pathway in liver mitochondria that produces ketone bodies

ketoacidosis

condition in which ketone bodies accumulate in the blood

• excessive ketone boides acidify the blood

symptoms

• vomoting

• exessive thirst

• sudden weight loss

• stomach pain

• loss of consciousness

diabetes mellitus

group of chronic conditions characterized by abnormal glucose, fat and protein metabolism

hyperglycemia

typical symptoms of poorly controlled type 1 rather than type 2 diabetes

Normal levels of glucose

70-99

pre diabetes glucose levels

100-125

diabetes glucose levels

126

Type 1 diabetes

autoimmune disease that results in destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas

• insulin must be supplied

Type 2 diabetes

treatment may involve diet, exercise, insulink injections, and oral medications

GLP 1s

stimulate insulin release and inhibit glucagon release

• lowering of blood glucose

Carbohydrate counting

diabetes management tool in which an individual tracks his or her daily carb intake

• meal should focus on

  • whole grains

  • veggies

  • fruit

  • poultry

  • fish

  • etc

Glycemic index

anks carbohydrate-containing foods from 0 to 100 based on how quickly they raise blood sugar levels

• low <55

• medium 56-69

• high 70>

hypoglycemia

a condition that occurs when blood glucose level is too low

Epinephrine

hormone produced by the adrenal glands

• secreted in response to decreasing blood glucose

metabolic syndrome

cluster of conditions that increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and CVD

• large waist circumference

• high fasting blood glucose

• chronically elevated blood pressure

• chronically elevated fasting blood fats

  • to be diagnosed you need 3 signs

Lactose intolerance

the inability to digest lactose (milk sugar) due to insufficient lactase enzymes in the small intestine

functions of lipids

cushion the body

insulation

produce steroid hormones

provide and store energy

fatty acid

hydrocarbon chain found in lipids

short chain fatty acid

2-4 carbons

medium chain

6-12 carbons

long chain

14-24 carbons

fatty acids are identified by

number of double bonds and type of bond

saturated fatty acid

hydrocarbon chain is filled with hydrogen

• solid at room temo

unsaturated fatty acid

monounsaturated: 1 double bond

polyunsaturated: 2+ double bond

Omega 6 (linoleic)

18 carbon polyunsaturated with 2 double bonds

omega 3

18 carbon polyunsaturated with 3 double bonds

essential fatty acids

omega 3s and 6s

deficiency signs

• scaly skin, hair loss, poor wound healing

cis fatty acids

most naturally occuring unsaturated fatty acid

trans fatty acid

have hydrogen atoms of the double bonded carbons on opposite sides of hydrocarbon chain

partial hydrogenation

manufacturing process that adds hydrogen atoms to liquid veg oil forming trans fats

triglycerides

3 fatty acids + glycerol

glycerol

a three carbon alcohol that forms the backbone of fatty acids

emulsifier

substance that keeps water soluble and water insoluble components mixed

cholesterol

lipid found in animal foods

• needed to produce steroid homorones, bile and vitamin D

sterols

lipids with a more complex structure than triglycerides and phospholipids

plant sterols

chemical found in plants that are structurally similar to cholestorol

lipases

inguinal lipase

• acidity of the stomach activates the lipase which begins fat digestion

small intestine

primary site of lipid digestion

secretin

stimulates the liver to produce bile and the pancrease to screte bicarbonate pancreatic juice

cholecystokinin (CCK)

stimulates bile release

bile salts

a component of bile, aids in lipid digestion by emulsifying

pancreatic lipase

absorbed as fatty acids, monoglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipid fragments

end procdues of lipid digestion

free fatty acids, monoglycerides, glycerol, cholesterol, and phospholipid fragement

• after absorption the contents are reassembled into tri and phospholipids

lipoproteins

water soluble molecules that transport lipids through the blood

chylomicron

type of lipoprptein formed in enterocytes, but are too large for blood stream

lacteal

to the thoracic duct, entering the blood stream through the left subclavian vein

Very low density lipoprotein

made in the liver

• carries much of the triglycerides in the bloodstream

low density lipoprotein

carries cholesterol into tissues

high density lipoprotein

transports cholesterol away from tissues and to the liver for elimination, ,and contains the most protein

total fat percent

20-35 % of calories

saturated fat percent

less than 10%

polypeptides

50+ amino acids

functions of protein

enzymes

clotting compounds

movement

energy source

builds new cells

amino acid structure

amino or nitrogen containing group

carbon skeleton

legumes

plants that produce pods with a ingle row of seeds

complete protein

adequate proportion of the 9 essential amino acids

high quality protein

complete proteins that have high bioavailiability

protein digestions begins where

in the stomach

trypsin and chymotrypsin

break down polypeptides into shorter peptides and amino acids

gluconeogeneisis

if not enough carbs are ingested, the body will turn to this process.

• creating new glucose from non carb sources

fate of extra amino acids

unnecessary amino acids are borken down forming waste products

• ammonia

• urea

Blood urea nitrogen

assess kidney function

urine urea nitrogen

a marker of protein intake

complementary protein combinations

combining certain plant foods to provide all essential amino acids

maramus

results from starvation

• diet lacks energy and nutrients

Kwashiokor

results from consuming adequate energy but low protein

maramic kwashiorkor

child with kwash who then starts to under consume energy

PKU

genetic metabolic disorder characterized by the inability to convert the amino acid phenylalanine resulting in accumulation of protein the the brain