APUSH Unit 4: American Expansion

vocab for APUSH unit 4

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

The acquisition by the United States of America of France's claim to the territory of Louisiana in 1803. U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River

Embargo Act of 1807/ Non-intercourse Act (1809)

Means to punish British and French governments for their actions; main effect was actually a reduction of imports even more

War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.

Judicial Review

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

Elastic clause

Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which allows Congress to make all laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers of the Constitution.

Supremacy clause

Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits.

Lewis and Clark Expedition (Corps of Discovery)

Expedition through the Louisiana Purchase and the West

Departed from St. Louis and explored areas including the Missouri River, the Yellowstone River, and the Rockies

Sacajawea, a Shoshone guide, helped them in their journey

Opened up new territories to America

Tecumseh's Confederacy (1808-1813)

a confederacy of natives that were against US expansion and conflicted with the war of 1812

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by William Henry Harrison. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812.

Henry Clay's American System

Plan for economic growth: establish a protective tariff, establish a national bank, and improve the country's transporation system

Bank of the US

The central bank of the nation designed to facilitate the issuance of a stable national currency and to provide a convenient means of exchange for the people. The bank was responsible for providing the nation economic stability.

Protective Tariff of 1816

meant to protect US industry from foreign competition, made European goods more expensive

Federal Internal Improvement Plan

President Madison vetoed Calhoun's __________, arguing that spending money to improve transportation was not expressly granted in the Constitution

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory (1820)

Jefferson's "Firebell in the Night" warning (1820)

The notes of alarm in Jefferson's comment speak of the fear aroused by the recent crisis over slavery in his home state

Cotton gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

Deep South

Also know as the "lower south" or "cotton kingdom" is the area where the majority of the country's cotton was produced. Many people flocked to this area to find work

John Calhoun's "Positive Good" Thesis (1837)

argued that slavery served as a civilizing force for Southern society. According to Calhoun, enslavers held the vital responsibility of Christianizing enslaved people and protecting them.

"Peculiar institution"

Widely used term for the institution of American slavery in the South. Its use in the first half of the 19th century reflected a growing division between the North, where slavery was gradually abolished, and the South, where slavery became increasingly entrenched.

"Cottonocracy"

name for wealthy planters who made their money from cotton in the mid-1800s

Upland (short-staple) cotton

a new product for farmers that overshadowed all others, this was a hardier and coarser strain of cotton that could grow successfully in a variety of climates and in a variety of soils.

Market Revolution

the major change in the US economy produced by people's beginning to buy and sell goods rather than make them for themselves

Samuel Slater "Father of the American Factory System"

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories. Significance: He started the factory system that will increase industrialization.

Eli Whitney's cotton gin and interchangeable parts

A device that pulled the seeds out of the cotton. Revolutionized industry. Same man came up with idea that each part can be made exactly the same so that way tasks could be divided among many people.

Robert Fulton's steamboat

improved transportation of goods and people during the Industrial Revolution.

Samuel Morse's telegraph

invention that tightened the complex business world; the invention brought fame and fortune to him as he put distantly separated people in almost instant communication with one another; a web of sing wires spanned the continent, revolutionizing news gathering diplomacy, and finance

John Deere's steel plow

Invented in 1837 and mass-produced by the 1850s, this new agricultural technology made possible the rapid subduing of the western prairies.

Cyrus McCormick's mechanical reaper

This harvested grain seven times faster than traditional methods with half the labor force and guaranteed that wheat would dominate the mid-western prairies.

Cumberland (National) Road

The first national road in the United States. It had tremendous influence of the development of the Ohio River Valley and the Northwest Territory.

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

Baltimore and Ohio RR (1830)

was the first railroad chartered in the United States and was the backbone for transportation in the early 1800s.

"King Cotton"

Expression used by Southern authors and orators before Civil War to indicate economic dominance of Southern cotton industry, and that North needed South's cotton. Coined by James Hammond

New England textile industry

Cities in New England started building textile factories along rivers, these factories turned cotton into cloth

Yankee Traders

Merchants from New England who dominated colonial trade

Lowell Factory System

Opened chaperoned boarding house/factory for unmarried women; worked cheaper than men

National Trades Union

Began to seek better wages, working conditions, and job security - resented bankers and owners

Lowell Mill Girls

Women worked in mills; although paid half the amount as men, these women were able to attain economic independence.

Cult of Domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

Elizabeth Blackwell

an abolitionist, women's rights activist, and the first female doctor in the United States

"Age of the Common Man"

Jackson's presidency was the called this. He felt that government should be run by common people - a democracy based on self-sufficient middle class with ideas formed by liberal education and a free press. All white men could now vote, and the increased voting rights allowed Jackson to be elected.

Corrupt Bargain (1824)

A political scandal that arose when the Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, allegedly met with John Quincy Adams before the House election to break a deadlock. Adams was elected president against the popular vote and Clay was named Secretary of State.

"King Andrew"

Jackson's lust for power and control gained him this nickname among members of the Whig party

Spoils system

the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power

Bank War

Political battle between Jackson, Clay and Nicolas Biddle over the renewal of the U.S. Bank; Jackson vetoed the recharter, put funds in pet banks.

Nullification crisis

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress.

Force Act of 1833

Jackson authorized the army and the navy to use force against South Carolina if they failed to pay duties on the tariffs

Compromise Tariff of 1833

A new tariff proposed by Henry Clay & John Calhoun that gradually lowered the tariff to the level of the tariff of 1816; avoided civil war & prolonged the union for another 30 years.

Webster-Hayne Debate (1830)

It was an unplanned series of speeches in the Senate, during which Robert Hayne of South Carolina interpreted the Constitution as little more than a treaty between sovereign states, and Daniel Webster expressed the concept of the United States as one nation.

Cemented the image of Daniel Webster, as a legendary defender of Constitution and nationalism.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed.

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Indian Territory

An area to which Native Americans were moved covering what is now Oklahoma and parts of Kansas and Nebraska

Romanticism

a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.

Transcendentalism

A nineteenth-century movement in the Romantic tradition, which held that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition, which transcends reason and sensory experience.

James Audubon

greatest ornithologist in America; wrote Birds of America; had to kill birds to model them to paint them

Noah Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language (1828)

established a national standard of words and usages. This influenced American cultural Nationalism.

Edgar Allan Poe

American writer known especially for his macabre poems, such as "The Raven" (1845), and short stories, including "The Fall of the House of Usher" (1839).

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Charles Finney

A leading evangelist of the Second Great Awakening, he preached that each person had capacity for spiritual rebirth and salvation and that through individual effort could be saved. His concept of "utility of benevolence" proposed the reformation of society as well as of individuals.

Burned-over District

area of New York State along the Erie Canal that was constantly aflame with revivalism and reform; as wave after wave to fervor broke over the region, groups such as the Mormons, Shakers, and Millerites found support among the residents.

Mormons

Church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT

Oneida

A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children.

American Temperance Society

An organization group in which reformers are trying to help the ever present drink problem. This group was formed in Boston in 1826, and it was the first well-organized group created to deal with the problems drunkards had on societies well being, and the possible well-being of the individuals that are heavily influenced by alcohol.

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill and served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Declaration of Sentiments

Revision of the Declaration of Independence to include women and men (equal). It was the grand basis of attaining civil, social, political, and religious rights for women.

Lucretia Mott

Quaker activist in both the abolitionist and women's movements; with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she was a principal organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A prominent advocate of women's rights, Stanton organized the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention with Lucretia Mott

American Anti-slavery Society

Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Garrison burned the Constitution as a proslavery document. Argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.

William Lloyd Garrison

Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Denmark Vesey

United States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged (1767-1822)

Nat Turner

Leader of a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Revolt led to the deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks and led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives

Underground Railroad

A system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

Frederick Douglass

United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North (1817-1895)