World history Ww1 imperialism russian revolution test study guide

by: kareem ibrahim

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation extends its control over weaker territories politically, economically, or militarily

Colony

A territory directly ruled by a foreign power

Protectorate

A territory with its own government but controlled by an outside power in key areas like defense and foreign policy

Sphere of influence

An area where a foreign nation has special economic rights and influence

Economic imperialism

Control of another country through business, trade, or economic pressure rather than direct rule

Example of colony

Britain ruling India

Example of protectorate

Britain controlling Egypt

Example of sphere of influence

European powers in China

Regions imperialized

Africa, India, Southeast Asia, parts of China, the Middle East, Latin America, and Pacific islands

Economic cause of imperialism

European nations wanted raw materials, new markets, and places to invest

Political cause of imperialism

European nations wanted power, prestige, and more land

Military cause of imperialism

Nations wanted naval bases and strategic territory

Social cause of imperialism

Europeans believed they were spreading Christianity, civilization, and Western culture

Social Darwinism

The belief that stronger nations were naturally meant to dominate weaker ones

Berlin Conference

Meeting in 1884 to 1885 where European powers divided Africa without African participation

Scramble for Africa

The rush by European nations to claim African land in the late 1800s

Wars caused by imperialism

Boer War, Opium Wars, Spanish-American War, and conflicts in Africa and Asia

Immediate impact of imperialism on Europe

Greater wealth, more resources, increased prestige, and stronger rivalries

Long-term impact of imperialism on Europe

Increased tension, arms races, and rivalries that helped lead to WWI

How imperialism helped cause WWI

European powers competed for colonies and influence, increasing hostility

Congress of Vienna

Meeting in 1815 that tried to restore balance in Europe after Napoleon

Nationalism

A strong pride in one’s nation that can lead to rivalry and conflict

Militarism

The policy of building strong armed forces and preparing for war

Alliance system

A network of agreements where countries promise to support one another in war

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Triple Entente

Britain, France, and Russia

Long-term causes of WWI

Nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and alliances

Short-term causes of WWI

Balkan tensions, colonial disputes, and growing crises between European powers

Balkans

A region in southeastern Europe known as the powder keg of Europe because of ethnic tension and nationalism

Immediate spark of WWI

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary whose assassination triggered WWI

Gavrilo Princip

Serbian nationalist who assassinated Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo

Black Hand

A Serbian nationalist group linked to the assassination of Franz Ferdinand

Blank check

Germany’s promise of full support to Austria-Hungary after the assassination

Ultimatum

A final set of demands whose rejection can lead to war

How WWI spread

Austria declared war on Serbia, Russia supported Serbia, Germany declared war on Russia and France, then invaded Belgium, causing Britain to enter

Why Britain entered WWI

Germany invaded neutral Belgium

Why Italy entered WWI

Italy joined the Allies in 1915 after being promised land

Treaty of London

Agreement that promised Italy territory if it joined the Allies

Why the U.S. entered WWI

Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare, the Zimmermann Telegram, attacks on ships, and support for democracy

Unrestricted submarine warfare

Germany’s policy of sinking ships without warning

Lusitania

British passenger ship sunk by Germany in 1915, angering Americans

Zimmermann Telegram

A message from Germany urging Mexico to attack the United States

Why Russia left WWI

Military defeats, food shortages, unrest, and revolution

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Agreement in 1918 that ended Russia’s involvement in WWI

Role of colonies in WWI

Colonies provided soldiers, laborers, raw materials, food, and money

Why WWI was a global war

European empires used troops and resources from colonies around the world

Trench warfare

A type of fighting where soldiers battle from deep ditches and front lines barely move

Machine gun

A weapon that fired rapidly and made direct attacks very deadly

Poison gas

A chemical weapon used to injure, blind, or kill soldiers

Tank

Armored vehicle designed to cross trenches and barbed wire

Airplane

Used in WWI for scouting, bombing, and air battles

Submarine

A naval weapon used to sink enemy ships underwater

U-boat

German submarine used in WWI

Artillery

Large guns that caused massive destruction and killed many soldiers

Impact of new weapons in WWI

New technology made war more deadly and helped create stalemates

Why Germany lost WWI

Exhaustion, Allied attacks, shortages at home, and the arrival of fresh U.S. troops

Armistice

An agreement to stop fighting

Date WWI ended

November 11, 1918

Paris Peace Conference

Meeting of Allied leaders after WWI to decide the peace terms

Woodrow Wilson

Leader of the United States at the Paris Peace Conference

Georges Clemenceau

Leader of France at the Paris Peace Conference

David Lloyd George

Leader of Britain at the Paris Peace Conference

Vittorio Orlando

Leader of Italy at the Paris Peace Conference

Goal of Wilson

Fair peace and self-determination through his Fourteen Points

Goal of Clemenceau

To weaken Germany and protect France

Goal of Lloyd George

To punish Germany but keep balance in Europe

Goal of Orlando

To gain land for Italy

Treaty of Versailles

The main peace treaty that ended the war with Germany

War guilt clause

The part of the Treaty of Versailles making Germany accept blame for WWI

Reparations

Payments forced on Germany for war damages

Demilitarized Rhineland

A region where Germany was not allowed to keep military forces

League of Nations

An international organization created to prevent future wars

New nations after WWI

Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia were created after the war

Long-term tensions in Russia

Autocracy, poverty, inequality, poor working conditions, and lack of political freedom

Tsar Nicholas II

The last ruler of Russia before the Russian Revolution

Russo-Japanese War

A war Russia lost that weakened confidence in the tsar

1905 Revolution

A wave of protests and unrest in Russia caused by war defeat and poor conditions

Bloody Sunday

1905 event in which Russian troops fired on peaceful protesters

October Manifesto

A document that promised reforms and created the Duma after the 1905 Revolution

Duma

Russia’s elected assembly created after the 1905 Revolution

Causes of the 1917 Revolution

Food shortages, inflation, military defeats, and weak leadership

March Revolution

The 1917 uprising that forced Tsar Nicholas II to abdicate

Provisional Government

The temporary government that ruled Russia after the tsar abdicated

November Revolution

The Bolshevik takeover of Russia in 1917

Bolsheviks

Radical socialist group led by Lenin that seized power in 1917

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolsheviks and key figure in the Russian Revolution

Leon Trotsky

Bolshevik leader who helped organize the revolution and Red Army

Alexander Kerensky

Leader in the Provisional Government before the Bolsheviks took over

Peace, land, and bread

Bolshevik slogan promising to end war and solve Russian problems

Result of the Russian Revolution

End of tsarist rule and rise of communist government

Russian Civil War

Conflict between Reds and Whites after the Bolsheviks took power

Reds

The Bolsheviks and their supporters during the Russian Civil War

Whites

Opponents of the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War

Soviet Union

The communist state created after the Russian Revolution

Impact of Russia leaving WWI

Germany could focus more on the Western Front, while Russia lost land and the Bolsheviks secured power