Review of Key Concepts in Metabolism

Flashcards about ATP pathways, enzymes, glucose alternatives, and other related topics.

What is ketosis?

A metabolic pathway that produces ATP without utilizing glucose or carbohydrates, burning fats instead.

What happens to fatty acids or lipids in terms of ATP production?

They can convert to bioesters, similar to pyruvate, but do not go through the TCA cycle.

What happens to excess amino acids ingested by the body?

Excess amino acids are converted to urea and excreted in the urine.

What is proteinuria?

The presence of protein in the urine, indicating potential kidney damage.

What happens to the amino group byproduct of amino acids?

It's converted to urea and excreted in the urine through the urea cycle.

What is the glomerulus?

The kidney's filtering unit.

How many nephrons are there per kidney?

Approximately one million.

What is the result if kidneys fail to filter toxins?

The build-up of urea in the body, which can lead to encephalopathy.

What does kinase do?

It transfers phosphates.

What is the significance of fructose in relation to glucose?

It is quicker to metabolize than glucose, making it suitable for treating hypoglycemia.

What is galactose?

It's derived from milk and is another disaccharide found in lactose.

What is galactosemia?

A condition where individuals lack the enzyme to digest galactose, leading to a build-up of galactose in the body.

Where is mannose found?

Fruits like cranberries and currants, often found in jams.

What is lactate?

It's formed when pyruvate does not have oxygen, leading to lactic acid build-up in muscles.

What causes muscle soreness after exercise?

It's the soreness experienced after a strenuous workout due to lactic acid build-up in muscles.

When is lactate used?

It is when muscles need reoxidized.

What is troponin I?

A heart-specific marker released into the bloodstream during a heart attack.

What does CKMB stand for?

Cardiac, brain, and muscle kinase.

What is rhabdomyolysis?

The breakdown of muscle tissue, potentially caused by accidents or drug use.

What is blood glucose level?

The amount of glucose in your blood.

What is the function of insulin?

It drives glucose into the cell.

What is glycogen?

Glucose stored in the liver for later use.

What is glucagon?

A hormone from the pancreas that stimulates the conversion of glucose to glycogen when blood sugar is high.