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What is measurement reliability?
Consistency in measurement results over time or across different items.
What does the test-retest method assess?
It assesses whether results/patterns will be similar when the same test is administered again.
What indicates good internal consistency in measurements?
Generating similar responses across all items, even with different wording.
What is Average Inter-item Correlation (AIC)?
The mean of all possible correlations between the items on a scale.
What does a Cronbach’s alpha closer to 1.0 indicate?
The scale is more reliable.
What is interrater reliability?
The degree to which different raters give consistent estimates of the same phenomenon.
What is the significance of a correlation coefficient of r = 0.70?
It indicates a strong positive correlation.
What does kappa measure?
The agreement between raters when rating categorical variables.
How is measurement validity defined?
The accuracy of a measurement.
What does construct validity assess?
How well variables are operationalized.
What is face validity?
A subjective judgment regarding whether a measurement seems plausible.
What does content validity evaluate?
Whether the measure covers all relevant content comprehensively.
What is criterion validity?
The extent to which a measurement correlates appropriately with relevant behaviors.
What is the known-groups paradigm?
Testing two groups who are known to differ on the measured variable to ensure they score differently.
What is convergent validity?
The degree to which two measures that should be related are, in fact, correlated.
What does discriminant validity ensure?
That a measurement does not correlate with dissimilar metrics, preventing confusion.
What is internal validity?
The degree to which a study establishes a cause-and-effect relationship without confounding factors.
What does external validity refer to?
The generalizability of study findings to other settings, populations, or times.
What is ecological validity?
The extent to which research findings apply to real-world settings.
What is statistical conclusion validity?
The accuracy and reliability of conclusions drawn from statistical analysis.
What does sampling validity concern?
Whether the sample is representative of the population.
What does statistical validity require?
Findings that are precise, reasonable, replicable, and based on a sufficiently large sample.
What is generalizability in research?
The extent to which findings can be applied to the larger population.
What type of sampling does probability sampling use?
Randomness to determine who or what is sampled.
What is simple random sampling?
Choosing a sample randomly from all members of the population.
How does systematic sampling work?
Selecting every nth person from a list of the population.
What is stratified random sampling?
Dividing the population into meaningful subgroups and sampling from those subgroups.
What is cluster sampling?
Randomly selecting naturally occurring clusters and then randomly selecting individuals within those clusters.
What is convenience sampling?
Sampling only easily accessible or available participants.
What is purposive sampling?
Only including certain types of people in the sample.
What does snowball sampling involve?
Participants recommending acquaintances for study inclusion.
What is quota sampling?
Identifying subsets of a population and setting target numbers for each category, sampling nonrandomly until filled.
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