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List the types of Syrups Studied in Class ( Hint: 4)
Syrups USP
Senna Syrup
Sorbitol
Tolu Balsam
Name some excipient categories you can to a syrup to increase stabilization
Buffers and Antioxidants
In Syrups the parent or salt of a drug is preferred?
Salt
What is the pH of Syrup?
7
What are the main ingredients and percentages if syrup, USP?
85% Sucrose (sugar), Q.s Water
Is a preservative needed for Syrup, USP?
no
What solvents can we add to syrups to increase the Solubilty of the parent drug
Glycerin, PG, PEG, & Sorbitol
What kind of solubizing agent would you use for syrup USP?
Polysorbate 80
Which excipients will help thicken a syrup?
Any Cellullose or PVP
Why is Syrup, USP undersaturated?
Syrup, USP has an excess amount of water ( ~3ml) needed to dissolve the 85%w/v sucrose. This is done intentionally because if the temperature falls below RT, the excess water prevents the sucrose for precipitating. If the formula were saturated, as the temperature changes, ppt would occur more likely, and mess up the concentration
What is Syrup, NF Stable against?
Crystallization (ppt)
Microbial Growth
T/F Syrup is hyperosmotic
T
T/F Syrup is Hypertonic
T
List some sugar-substitute to use when compounding syrups. Which of these sugar-substitutes are not naturally sweet?
Glycerin
Sorbitol
Propylene Glycol - Not Sweet
List non-sugar sweeteners ( Hint: 4)
Aspartame
Ace-K
Acesulfame Potassium
Stevioside
List some non-glucogenic sugar substitutes to use when compounding syrups.
Methylcellulose
Hydroxy ethyl Cellusose
What kind of sugar alternative should you use for diabetic patient ? List them
Methylcellulose
Hydroxy ethyl Cellusose
Non- Glucogenic Sugar Substitutes
Which characteristic helps syrups taste better that does not involve the taste of the syrup?
The Viscosity
Sorbitol is the only “ sister “ that …..
Contains Water
Is the preservative applicable for sorbitol syrups? Why or Why not? Benzoic Acid
No, it’s acidic, the preservative needs to be neutral
Is the preservative applicable for sorbitol syrups? Why or Why not? Sorbic Acid
Yes, it has a neutral pH
Is the preservative applicable for sorbitol syrups? Why or Why not? Parabens
Yes, it has neutral pH
Is the preservative applicable for sorbitol syrups? Why or Why not? Potassium Sorbate
No, it’s acidic, the preservative needs to be neutral
Are water-soluble or oil-soluble flavors preferred in syrup compounding?
Water-soluble
Fill for each product
Name: Sorbitol Syrup
Therapy:
Solution Type:
Ingredients:
Name: Sorbitol Syrup
Therapy: Vehicle
Solution Type: Solution
Ingredients: Sorbitol, Water , Preservative
Name: Senna Syrup
Therapy:
Solution Type:
Ingredients:
Name: Senna Syrup
Therapy: Laxative
Solution Type: Syrup
Ingredients: Sucrose, Senna fluid extract, water, cilantro( coriander)
What is the active ingredient in senna syrup?
Sennoside
What is coriander used for in senna syrup?
Adds Flavor and Helps Moderate griping (cramping) & pain from the abdominal region
Name: Tolu Balsam Syrup
Therapy:
Solution Type:
Main Ingredients:
Name: Tolu Balsam Syrup
Therapy: Expectorant
Solution Type: Syrup
Main Ingredients: Sucrose, Tolu Balsam Tincture, water, MgCO3
T/F Senna Syrup needs a preservative
F
Does Tolu Balsam Syrup need a preservative?
NO
Define Expectorant
Drug that loosens phlegm and produces productive coughs
What is the purpose of Magnesium Carbonate in Tolu Balsam Syrup?
MgCO3 dissolves the acidic tolu balsam resin, creating a salt, and prevents crystallizationTo during dilution
T/F Tolu Balsam is a plant resin
T
Compared to syrups under 85% sucrose, how much of a solvent within a syrup is needed to omit the addition of a preservative
10% Alcohol v/v
50% Glycerin
Or
18% Polyethylene Glycol v/v
These are all the minimum amount needed
Which has a higher syrup concentration, Syrup or Elixir?
Syrup
Which require water, Syrup or Elixir?
Both
Which has a higher alcohol concetration, Syrup or Elixir?
Elixir
Which sometimes needs a preservative, Syrup or Elixir?
Syrup
Which NEVER needs a preservative, Syrup or Elixir?
Elixir
Which is more viscous, Syrup or Elixir?
Syrup
Which has a higher solubility for the Parent of the Drug, Syrup or Elixir?
Elixir
Which has a higher solubility for the Salt of a Drug, Syrup or Elixir?
Syrup
Which is more stable, and therefore less susceptible to the crystallization of a parent, Syrup or Elixir?
Elixir
Which is more sweet, Syrup or Elixir?
Syrup
What are Elixirs made of ?
Alcohol and water
Can Polysorbate 80 be used in elixirs? Why or Why not?
Yes, O/W surfactants are applicable
What is the purpose of COSOLVENTS in Elixirs, list some examples
COSOLVENTS help dissolve the parent drug.
Ex. Glycerin & Polyethene glycol
List some sweeteners you can add to elixirs ( Hint: 3 & all start with “S”)
Sorbitol
Sucrose
Saccharin
T/F Every drug has a different minimum of alcohol needed to dissolve, just like any other solvent
T
Name: Theophylline Elixir
Therapy:
Solution Type
Main Ingredients:
Name: Theophylline Elixir
Therapy: Asthma
Solution Type: Elixir
Main Ingredients:Alcohol, Theophylline, Water, Flavors, Sweetners
Name: Phenobarbital Elixir
Therapy:
Solution Type:
Main Ingredients:
Name: Phenobarbital Elixir
Therapy: Sedative, Hypnotic, Antiepileptic/Antisiezure
Solution Type: Elixir
Main Ingredients: Alcohol,Phenobarbital, Glycerin, Flavors, Sweetners
Name: Digoxin Elixir
Therapy:
Solution Type:
Main Ingredients:
Name: Digoxin Elixir
Therapy: Cardiotonic Glycoside
Solution Type: Elixir
Main Ingredients: Alcohol, Pure Digoxin
Define Hypnotic
Puts you to sleep
Define Sedative
Calms you down
T/F The four sisters are water AND alcohol miscible
T
What are the 5 advantaged of an elixir?
The dosing is flexible and can be customized based on the patient - Flexibility
Dissolves the parent drug better than syrups- Solubility
Ease of Dosage
Stability
Oral Drug absorption is the fastest for systemic- Drug Absorption `
What are the Disadvantages of Elixirs?
Inebriation and therefore can be abused
T/ F Unlike syrups, elixirs allow for dose adjustment
T
Is suspension allowed for Digoxin ? Why or Why not?
No, the TI is very narrow and suspensions are not distributed equally in terms of drug concentration
Can you add alcohol to an aqueous solution?
NO
Why is it better to add aqueous solution to alcohol instead of the other way around?
Adding aqueous to alcohol at no point during the mixing process does the alcohol concentration drop below 20%, this avoids any drug precipitation. If any excipients precipitate out, we can filter them out.
Define Cardiotonic Glycoside
Helps treat heart failure
T/F Digoxin Elixirs cannot be administer to children
F; they can via calibrated droppers
T/F Digoxin is a potent drug and has a low TI
T
T/F Digoxin Elixirs are administers for children ONLY in the form of calibrated droppers.
T
What’s the purpose of Glycerin in Phenobarbital Elixir?
Cosolvent
What’s the percentage of alcohol in spirits?
60%