weather gap filling

cyclone ingredients

start as disturbances over warm ocean (pre-existing tropical low)

DALR<ELR

warm ocean down to 50m

moist in mid-troposphere

• moisture and heat deepen and intensify lows

minimal vertical wind shear

> 5 degrees from equato

extratropical cyclone ingredients

a low pressure system that gets energy from horizontal temperature contrasts

• cyclogenesis: cold and warm air masses interact in an unstable environment → causes convection

• large temp. gradients at high latitudes, why antarctic latitudes have lots of cyclogenesis

• especially when air gets cold over land and warms quickly over the ocean.

thunderstorm/tornado ingredients

cumulus clouds gradually moistening with lots of convection, reaching lifting condensation level when parcel becomes saturated

LIFT

moisture for clouds

instability (SALR<ELR)

warm moist air at surface, cooler drier air aloft (mexico)

supercell thunderstorms have rotating violent updraft

organised has cells organising in larger group

multi-cell is several cells

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