AP HUG Unit 6 Vocab

A relatively large, densely populated settlement with a much larger population than rural towns and villages; cities serve as important commercial, governmental, and cultural hubs for their surrounding regions

city

relating to a city

urban

Crop yields that are sufficient to feed more people than the farmer and his or her family

agricultural surplus

The structuring of society into distinct socioeconomic classes, including leadership (for instance, a government or ruling class) that exercise control over goods and people

socioeconomic stratification

agriculture and socioeconomic innovations that led to the rise of early cities

first urban revolution

Regions in which the first cities evolved

urban hearth area

An absolute location on Earth

site

The relative location of a place in reference to its surrounding features, or its regional position with reference to other places

Situation

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

capitalism

An economic and political system in which all property is publicly owned and managed

communism

A settlement outside of a city with streetcar lines; the streetcars take residents into and out of the city easily

streetcar suburb

The industrial innovations in mining and manufacturing that led to an increase in urban growth

second urban revolution

set of activities intended to revitalize an area that has fallen on hard times

redevelopment

A very large and densely populated city, particularly the capital or major city of a country or region

metropolis

Any self-governing place in the United States that contains at least 2500 people

urban area

In the United States, an urban area with at least 50,000 people.

urbanized area

In the United States, an urban area with between 2,500 and 50,000 inhabitants.

urban cluster

In the United States, a region with at least one urbanized area in its core

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

In the United States, a region with one or more urban clusters with at least 10,000 people at its cores

Micropolitan Statistical Area

A populated area on the outskirts of a city

suburb

The percentage of a nation's population living in towns and cities

urbanization rate

The movement of people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirtsof the cities

Suburbanization

The tendency of cities to grow outward in an unchecked manner

Sprawl

cities whose size and shape are dictated by and almost require individual automobile ownership

automobile cities

In an urban context, to move business operations from core city areas into outlying areas such as suburbs

decentralize

A concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment that developed in the suburbs, outside of a city's traditional downtown or central business district

edge city

a place with more than 100,000 residents that is not a core city in a metropolitan area; a large suburb with its own government

boomburg

The building of new retail, business, or residential spaces on vacant or underused parcels in already-developed areas

infill development

A semirural district located beyond the suburbs that is often inhabited by well-to-do families

exurb

A city that is a control center of the global economy, in which major decisions are made about the world's commercial networks and financial markets (also called a global city)

world city

Privately governed and highly secure residential area within the bounds of a city; often has a fence or a gate surrounding it

gated community

a set of interdependent cities or urban places connected by networks

urban system

A ranking of cities, with the largest and most powerful cities at the top of the heirarchy

urban heirarchy

The population of a settlement is inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy

rank-size rule

A city that is much larger than any other city in the country and that dominates the country's economic, political, and cultural life; does not follow rank-size rule

Primate City

A model, developed by Walter Christaller, that attempts to understand why cities are located where they are

Central Place Theory

a settlement that makes certain types of products and services available to consumers

central place

In central place theory, the size of the population required to support businesses

threshold

in central-place theory, the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase a good or service

range

The idea that the closer two places are, the more they will influence each other

gravity model

A model of a city's internal organization developed by E. W. Burgess organized in five concentric rings that model the arrangement of different residential zones radiating outward from a central business district

concentric zone model

A model of a city's internal organization, developed by Homer Hoyt, that focuses on transportation and communication as the drivers of the city's layout

Hoyt Model

A model of a city's internal organization, developed by Chaucey Harris and Edward Ullman, showing residential districts organized around several nodes (nuclei) rather than one CBD

Multiple Nuclei Model

A model of a city's internal organization in which the central business district remains central, but multiple shopping areas, office parks, and industrial districts are scattered throughout the surrounding suburbs and linked by metropolitan expressway systems

Galactic City Model

a model of the internal structure of the Latin American city

Griffin-Ford model

The displacement of lower-income residents by higher-income residents as an area or neighborhood improves

gentrification

General impression of the estimated number of people present in a given area.

percieved density

laws that dictate how land can be used

Zoning regulations

occurs when city revenues cannot keep up with increasing demands for city services and expenditures on decaying urban infrastructure

fiscal squeeze

the human-made space in which people live, work, and recreate on a day-to-day basis

built environment

policies that combat regional sprawl by addressing issues of population density and transportation

smart growth

Development that grows up (in the form of taller buildings) rather than out (in the form of urban sprawl)

compact design

policy that encourages building quality housing for people and families of all life stages and income levels in a range of prices within a neighborhood

diverse housing options

An approach to city planning that focuses on fostering European-style cities of dense settlements, attractive architecture, and housing of different types and prices within walking distance to shopping, restaurants, jobs, and public transportation

New Urbanism

A zone of grassy, forested, or agricultural land separating urban areas

greenbelt

The classification of land according to restrictions on its use and development

zoning

A city that changes its zoning laws to decrease the rate at which the city spreads horizontally, with the goal of avoiding the negative effects of sprawl

Slow-growth city

Advocates for poor and working-class residents who are at risk of losing their affordable housing to new development

anti-displacement tenant activists

Racial segregation that is not supported by law but is still apparent

de facto segregation

A load that is taken out to purchase a home

Mortgage

The practice of identifying high-risk neighborhoods on a city map and refusing to lend money to people who want to buy property in those neighborhoods

redlining

A practice in which realtors persuade white homeowners in a neighborhood to sell their homes by convincing them that the neighborhood is declining due to black families moving in

blockbusting

The mass movement of white people from the city to the suburbs

white flight

the maximum price that a buyer can afford to pay for a house or apartment

affordability

A federal government program to assist very-low-income families, the elderly, and the disabled with affordable, decent, safe, and sanitary housing.

Housing Choice Voucher Program

A category of crime that includes murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault

violent crime

Formal or informal institutions that help to maintain law and order in a place

social controls

Occurs when certain groups carry a larger share of environmental risks and hazards than groups who have the power to influence decisions about the environment

environmental injustice

Occurs when areas inhabited by low-income people of color are targeted for environmental contamination

Environmental racism

The movement to fic environmental discrimination

environmental justice

An area of degraded, seemingly temporary, inadequate, and often illegal housing

squatter settlement

The right to own or hold property; it defines the ways in which rights to that property are managed.

Land tenure

municipal and county planning ordinances that require a given share of new construction to be affordable by people with low to moderate incomes.

Inclusionary Zoning

Zoning that attempts to keep low- to moderate-income people out of a neighborhood

exclusionary zoning

Abbreviation for "not in my backyard"; term for people who try to prevent the construction of affordable housing and other types of development in their neighborhood

NIMBY;s

Housing that costs much less than the going rate

below market rate housing

Large-scale redevelopment of the built environment in downtown and older inner-city neighborhoods

urban renewal

Occurs when a government must spend more than it receives in taxes

fiscal imbalance

The practice of using local land-use regulation to preserve and possibly enhance the local property tax base

fiscal zoning

The total amount of natural resources used and their impact on the natural environment

ecological footprint

A mass of warm air in cities, generated by urban building materials and human activities, that sits over a city

urban heat island

The spatial extent of the impacts of urban areas on the natural environment.

urban footprint

the idea that disasters and disaster risk become urban phenomena as the world's population becomes increasingly concentrated in large cities

urban risk divide

properties whose use or development may be complicated by the potential presence of hazardous substances or pollutants

brownfields

The process of removing or sealing off contaminants so that a site may be used again without any health concerns

brownfield redemption

The removal of contaminants with plant species that react with or degrade contaminants or draw up contaminants from the soil into shoots and leaves

Phytoremediation

U.S. law that grants municipalities oversight over federally funded development projects on farmland

Farmland Protection Policy Act

Subdivisions or developments that do not border on existing settlements and that remove agricultural land from production

Scattered developments