BIOL 102 Unit 4 - Kingdom Plantae

Flashcards covering key vocabulary about Kingdom Plantae, plant adaptations, life cycles, and plant phyla.

Kingdom Plantae

Multicellular, eukaryotic, photoautotrophic, non-motile organisms with cell walls of cellulose that store glucose as starch.

Cuticle

A layer of wax and cutin over the body of a plant to prevent water loss. Thickest on top of leaves.

Stomata

Pores on the lower surface of a leaf for gas exchange, allowing carbon dioxide in and oxygen out.

Root systems

Structures for anchoring and water/nutrient absorption.

Walled spores

Spores protected by sporopollenin, allowing them to retain water.

Apical meristems

Regions of cells at the tips of shoots and roots that actively divide through mitosis for growth.

Xylem

Vascular tissue that transports water.

Phloem

Vascular tissue that transports organic solutes.

Gametangia

Multicellular sex organs that protect gametes.

Antheridia

Produces sperm.

Archegonia

Produces eggs.

Alternation of Generations

A life cycle involving a plant switching from a diploid chromosomal state to a haploid chromosomal state (or vice versa).

Sporophyte generation

Any part of a plant consisting of diploid cells.

Gametophyte generation

Any part of a plant consisting of haploid cells.

Sporophyte generation

Produces spores in sporangia through meiosis; composed of diploid cells.

Gametophyte generation

Produces gametes in gametangia through mitosis; composed of haploid cells.

Bryophyta, Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta

Seedless, non-vascular plants (reproduce using spores, lack xylem and phloem).

Lycophytes, Psilophyta, Sphenophyta, Pterophyta

Seedless, vascular plants (reproduce using spores, possess xylem and phloem).

Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, Coniferophyta

Gymnosperm seed plants (produce naked seeds, possess xylem and phloem).

Anthophyta

Angiosperm seed plants (produce seeds contained within fruit, possess xylem and phloem).

Seedless, Non-Vascular Plants

Small plants, usually less than 15cm tall, that require damp environments and reproduce using spores.

rhizoids

filamentous cells, no true roots, that anchor small leafy portion of plant

thalli

flattened leaves of liverworts

gemmae cups

asexual reproductive structures that produce asexual spores

antheridiophores

branches that rise up from a thallus and possess antheridia

archegoniophores

branches that rise up from a thallus and possess archegonia

Vascular Plants

Xylem and Pholem : Plants that possess vascular tissue

homosporous

produce a single spore type

true leaves

leaves with vascular tissue

prothallus

Gametophyte generation for all seedless, vascular plants

Staminate cones (pollen cones)

produce pollen grains (male). Each pollen grain contains a non-flagellated sperm.

Ovulate cones

produce ovules (female). Each ovule contains an egg or eggs.

Pollen Cones

male cones that produce pollen grains

Angiosperms

Seed plants that produce vessel seeds. Seeds that are contained in a fruit.

Receptacle

the base of a flower

Sepals

the leaves that encircle the base of a flower

Petals

brightly colored to attract pollinators

Stamen

male part of a flower

Stamen

Consists of an anther and a filament

Carpel (pistol)

female part of a flower

Stigma

The sticky top used to trap pollen

Style

hollow tube of a flower

pericarps

outer fruit covering

simple fruits

fruit develops from one ovary carpel of one flower

aggregate fruits

fruit develops from multiple ovaries carpels of one flower

multiple fruits

fruit develops from multiple ovaries carpels of multiple flowers

Monocots

single embryo cotyledon in seed, seed does not split

Dicots (Eudicots)

2 embryo cotyledons in seed, seed does split

Prothallus

What specific term refers to the microscopic, heart-shaped, photosynthetic, bisexual, gametophyte generation of all seedless, vascular plants?

Strobilus

What specific term refers to the club like sporangium that sits atop both club mosses and horsetails?

Psilophyta

Which specific phylum of seedless, vascular plants includes plants that lack leaves and roots, and consists of plants with branchinng stems with bud-like sporangia?

Sori

What specific term refers to the clusters of sporangina that are found on the back of fern frond?

Pollen grain

What is the male gametophyte of a seed plant that develops from a microspore and contains non-flagellated sperm?

Pollination

What event refers to the transfer of pollen grains by
wind or animals to ovules?

seed

What does an ovule of a gymnosperm plant develop into, once the egg it holds becomes a zygote after fertilization?

Cones

What are the specific reproductive structures of conifers where both pollen grains and ovules develop?

Ginkgophyta

Which specific phylum of gymnosperms includes one species of deciduous, dioecious tree that is resistant to pests and pollutants and may have medicinal value?

Anther

What specific part of a flower represents where pollen grains are produced and stored?

Stigma

What specific part of a flower represents the sticky top of the pistil (carpel) where pollen grains are trapped?

Fruit

What specific structure is produced by angiosperm seed plants as a container holding seeds and develops from the ovary of a flower?

Synergids

What specific ovule (egg) nuclei are used to guide the pollen tube into an ovule to allow for fertilization?

Monocot

In which class of Phylum Anthophyta would a plant with parallel veins in its leaves, a fibrous root systeem and flowers with six petals be classified?

Aggregrate

Which specific type of fruit develops from multiple ovaries (carpels) of one flower?

Cleistothecium

Which specific type of ascocarp is “cloaked” and therefore well protected and must rupture in order to release its ascospores?

8

How many ascospores must be produced within each ascus prior to its rupturing?

Basidiocarp

What specific term refers to the heterokaryotic sexual fruiting body that is represented by a mushroom?

Yeast

What specific group of fungi is used in baking and brewing due to their ability to perform alcohol fermentation?

Lichen

What specific term refers to the mutualistic symbiotic relationship that exists between an ascomycete fungus and either green or red algae?

Phloem

Antheridium

Which gametangium in plants is responsible for producing sperm?

Sporophyte

Which generation in the alternation of generations life cycle for a plant consists of diploid cells and produces spores?

Gemmae cups

What structures are found along the midrib of liverwort thalli and used specifically for asexual reproduction?

Capsule

What specific term refers to the type of sporangium that is produced by mosses, liverworts and hornworts?

Anthocerophyta

What phylum in kingdom Plantae includes the hornworts that possess horizontal leaves called thalli and horn-like sporangia

Charophycean green algae

the closest living ancestors to terrestrial plants.

zygote

first cell of sporophyte generation which arises through fertilization

spore

first cell of gametophyte generation which arises through meiosis

Bryophyta

Mosses, 15,000 species

Bryophytes Sporophytes

stalk and sporangium called a capsule

Hepatophyta

Liverworts, 9000 species

thalli

Phylum Hepatophyta gametophytes

Anthocerophyta

Hornworts, 100 species

Sporophyte generation

dominant generation for all vascular plants

Microphyll

leaves are small and/or thin

Megaphyll

leaves are large and/or wide

Lycophyta

Club mosses, 1200 species

Psilophyta

Whisk ferns, 1000 species

psilo

bare or naked, referring to the absence of leaves

Sphenophyta

Horsetails, 1000 species, Thick stemmed plants with attached microphyll leaves at nodes.

Node

point on a stem where leaves connect

Pterophyta

True ferns, 12000 species, Megaphyll leaves called fronds

Gymnosperms

Seed plants that produce “naked seeds”

cones

Reproductive structures for gymnosperms

Cycadophyta

Cycads, sago palms, 130 species, once thrived during the Mesozoic Era = Age of dinosaurs

Ginkgophyta

maidenhair trees, 1 species, brought to the U.S. from Asia

Gnetophyta

consists of the Tropical species Desert species Tundra species

Coniferophyta

pines, spruces, hemlocks, junipers, firs, cedars, cypresses, yews, sequoias