AP HUG UNIT 5 VOCAB

Intensive Farming

Uses a large amount of labor and/or capital, small plots of land (land is scarce or expensive) are usually located near areas with a high population density. *ex: market gardening, plantation agriculture, mixed crop and livestock, Mediterranean.*

Extensive Farming

Fewer inputs of labor and capital, large plots of land (land is plenty, costs little) usually located away from major population centers. *ex: shifting cultivation, livestock ranching, nomadic herding, commercial grain farming.*

Shifting Cultivation

Type of extensive and substance farming. Tropical climate. located in *Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, and southeast Asia*. When farmers move from one field to another *(slash and burn agriculture)* because farmers clear and fertilize the land by burning vegetation when soil loses fertility the farmers move to a different plot of land and repeat. *Examples include growing rice in southeast Asia, corn in South America, Millet and sorghum in sub-Saharan Africa.*

Pastoral Nomadism

Type of extensive and substance farming. Dryland and desert climates. Located in northern *Africa, southwest Asia, Central Asia, and east Asia. Cattle, Camels, Reindeer, Goats, Yaks, Sheep, and Horses* are types of livestock. When nomads move herds to different pastures and trade meat, milk, and hides. They rely on animals for survival. nonprofit. Results in *soil erosion and desertification.* *in south central Asia and east Africa rely on cattle, desert regions in Middle East rely on camels, in Siberia people rely on reindeer.*

Livestock Ranching

Type of extensive commercial farming. Dryland/desert climate. Located in *Western North America, southeastern South America, Central Asia, Australia, and South Africa. Cattle, Goats, and Sheep* are types of livestock. Commercial grazing of livestock eventually they will be sent to feedlots and then be sent to slaughter.

Commercial Grain Farming

Type of extensive commercial farming. The climate is mid-latitudes too dry for mixed crops and livestock. Located in the *US, Canada, Europe, Russia, Central Asia, China, and South Asia. Wheat* is the type of crop. Crops are grown primarily for human consumption farms sold or output to manufacturers of food products such as breakfast *cereals and bread*. *Spring wheat is planted in early spring harvested in autumn Grown in colder regions like Canada, Montana, Dakota's. winter wheat planted in fall harvested in early summer grown in warmer regions like Kansas, Oklahoma, and Europe.*

Market Gardening

Type of intensive (reliant on migrant laborers and machinery) commercial farming. The climate is warm and mid-latitudes. Located in the *southeastern US, California, and south-eastern Australia. Fresh fruits and vegetables, lettuce, broccoli, apples, oranges, and tomatoes* are the types of crops. Some of the fruits and vegetables are sold fresh to consumers but most are sold to large processors for canning or freezing. *In the US it is intensive and usually requires capital investments of greenhouses and fertilizers.*

Plantation Agriculture

Type of intensive (reliant on cheap labor from large former colonies) commercial farming. Tropical climates. Located in *Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, and south and southeast Asia*. Commodities in specialty crops such as *cacao, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, bananas, tobacco, coconuts, and cotton* are the types of crops. A plantation that specializes in one crop that is transported for sale on the global market.

Mixed Crop and Livestock

Type of Intensive (reliant on high amounts of capital + labor) commercial farming. Cold and warm mid-latitude climates. Located in the *mid-western US and Canada, and Central Europe (developed regions). Corn, Greens, and Soybeans to feed cattle and pigs* are types of crops. Most money comes from the sale of livestock rather than the crop outputs.

Mediterranean

Type of intensive (Land is scarce, hilly, labor-intensive) commercial farming. mild wet winters and hot dry summers in coastal climates located in *southern Europe and northern Africa specific coasts of the US, chili, South Africa, southern Australia. grapes, olives, dates, figs* are types of crops Orchards are common crops produced for the global market.

Dairy Farming

Type of intensive (cows need to be milked 2x a day; machinery) commercial farming. The climate is mid-latitudes. Located in the *northern US, Canada, Europe, Russia, China, India, and Brazil.* Farmers typically sell their milk to the wholes sellers who later distribute it to retailers and sell it to customers and shops or at home. large corporate dairy operations have replaces smaller family owned farms, which resulted in fewer farms, but more production, most of these commercial dairy farms, are in the US, Canada, and other developed countries.

Metes and Bounds

Originated from *Great Britain to North America*. It is the utilization of landmarks in physical features to establish boundary lines. Results in irregular shape plots of land. *English colonists in America also use this system.*

Long Lot

Originated in *France and Spain to North America.* Long stretches of land start at a river or lake with the intention of providing all landowners with equal access to all the resources soil, water, and transportation. example is best. *Examples are Quebec and Louisiana.*

Township and Range

Pioneered by *Thomas Jefferson*. Rectangles and grid system, Each township is 6 miles x 6 miles. Keeps track of land sales and purchases. Utilizes a uniform survey method. because of the system *boundaries in most of the land west of the Appalachian mountains are often squares and rectangles.*

Clustered

Throughout European history, rural residents lived in groups of homes in close proximity. Farmland and pasture surround the settlement. They share resources and community. Have to walk to the farmland. *meets and bounds survey method.*

Dispersed

A major characteristic is that settlements are isolated and dispersed over a large land area, *The US government and canada promoted westward expansion by giving farmers land if they agreed to live on it (land in ohio). Township and range survey method.*

Linear

Settlement is organized along a line normally associated with transportation or physical features like a river or coast. *Long lot survey method.*

First Agricultural Revolution

This was the *origin of farming*. It was marked by the *domestication of plants and animals*. The farming that took place during this time with subsistence farming, when farmers would consume the crops they raised using simple tools and manual labor. It began in 5 hearths which were *southwest Asia, east Asia, south Asia, Africa, and the Americas.*

Domestication

the deliberate effort to grow plants and raise animals. making plants and animals adapt to human demand. *hunters in central Asia first to domesticate animals, crops began later.*

The Fertile Cresent

*Southwest Asia* extends from the *eastern coast* of the *Mediterranean sea*, and continues in an arc *along the Tigris and Euphrates river* to the *Persian gulf.* also known as the bread basket and the crops grown were *barley, wheat, lentils, olives, cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs.*

The Columbian Exchange

this was the global movement of plants and animals between *Afro-eurasia and Americas*. *europeans brought bananas, olives, onions, rice, sugarcane, wheat, cattle, goats, horses, and pigs, and also diseases such as smallpox, malaria, and measles. And took potatoes, corn, chocolate, beans, cassava, peanuts, peppers, pumpkin, squash, tobacco, tomatoes, and turkeys back with them*.

Second Agricultural Revolution

this began in the *1700s*, used the advances of the industrial revolution to increase food supplies and support population growth. Agricultural benefited from mechanization and improved knowledge of *fertilizers, soil, and selective breeding practices for plants and animals.* things like the *steel plow and mechanized harvesting increase food production in Europe and the US.*

Enclosure Movement

were a series of laws enacted by Britain government that enabled landowners to purchase an enclosed win for their own use do you. these movement occurred throughout *Europe in the world for larger farms, more efficient, production, and crop sold for profit* rather than personal consumption.

Crop Rotation

is the technique of planting different crops in a specific sequence on the same plot of land in order to restore nutrients back into the soil.

The Green Revolution

*Advances in plant biology* of the mid-20th century it was born out of *science, research, and technology*. It expanded mechanization of farming and develop new global agricultural systems including *hybridization, machinery, GMO's, fertilizers, irrigation, and pesticides.*

Double Cropping

planting and harvesting a crop two (or three) times per year on the same piece of land

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO'S)

The process by which humans use engineering techniques to *change the DNA of a seed* developed to *increase yields resist diseases* and *withstand chemicals, used to kill weeds and pests.*

Subsistence Farming

Crops and livestock are grown to *feed the farmer, family & community*. May sell small surplus at local markets. *hard labor and little income*. Periphery countries like *rural Africa, parts of Asia and Latin America*.

Commercial Farming

Crops and livestock are grown to be *sold on the global market*. Purpose is to make a *profit*, not to sustain the farmer's family. *less labor, more technology, more income. core and semi periphery countries.*

Monocropping (monoculture)

The practice of growing the *same crop on the same land, year after year.* Allows for *specialization* and maximizes *efficiency*, leading to *higher yields*. potentially strip nutrients from the soil decreasing biodiversity..

Agribusiness

The large-scale system that includes the *production, processing, and distribution, financial funding* and research of agricultural products and equipment; *farms run by corporations. tyson, sara lee, hillshire farm.*

Economics of Scale

Large-scale farming is cost-effective due to *lower bulk prices* for farming *supplies and technologies*. as *production increases*, the cost of production *(inputs) decrease*. it is also the *increase in efficiency* to *lower per unit, production cost* resulting in *greater profits*.

Commodity Chains

The complex Netwerk, that *connects* places of *production*, with *distribution to consumers.* farmers tend to *raise crops and animals far from their markets* and consumers can *purchase them at low prices.* For *corn, planting, growing, harvesting, processing, then marketing. *

Bid-Rent Theory

The *value of the land* is influenced by its *relationship to the market*, more *desirable land* that is *closer to the market*, normally *cost more money*. *less desirable land* is located *furthest from the market,* which costs *less money*.

Von Thunen Model

an economic model that suggested a *pattern* for the *types of products* that *farmers would produce* a *different positions relative to the market*, where the sold their goods is the start of location theory. *market -\> Dairy farming + market gardening -\> forests -\> grains and cereal crops -\> livestock ranching*

Isotropic Plain

*flat and featureless* with *similar fertility and climate* throughout.

Supply chain

All of the steps required to get a *product or service to customers*. Ex: *research and development of a new seed* could take place in the *UK* then the seeds could be *sent to Ghana* where the *crop is grown* then it could be*frozen and transported to China* where it is *manufactured then packaged* and *sent to the US to be sold*.

Luxury crops

*Not essential* to human survival but have a *high-profit margin. Ex: cocoa beans -\> chocolate*

Fair Trade Movement

This was the effort to *promote higher incomes for producers* and more *sustainable farming practices*. Insured importers paid a *fair price, transactions* directly *between producer and importer, safe working environments, no child or forced labor, prohibited GMO's*, and *respected local culture*. Farmers that grow crops in the developing world including *bananas, cane, sugar, cocoa, and cotton.*

Subsides

*Public financial support* to farmers to safeguard food production. Ex: *rice in Japan, wheat and corn in the US, and soy beans in China.*

Slash & Burn Agriculture

Type of *shifting cultivation* takes place when all *vegetation* in an area of forest is *cut down and burned* in place this provides *nutrients* to the soil and the land can be farmed for years. This *permanently alters* the *landscape*, and can lead to *deforestation and soil erosion*.

Terrace Farming

Farmers build a *series of steps* into the *side of a hill*. Which *increases* the area of *arable land, collects more rainfall,* and *limits soil erosion*, but can also *cause mudslides*. used in *east Asia to grow rice, in South America to grow potatoes and corn, and in northern Africa to grow fruit and olive trees.*

Irrigation

The process of *applying controlled amounts of water to crops using dams, canals, pipes, and sprinkler systems* rather than just relying on rainfall. they *can turn deserts and semi arid regions into productive farmland.* example is *California.*

Draining Wetlands

When *wetlands are converted to farmland*, because of its fertile soil, and used as farmland. *17% of the Netherlands* was converted to arable land because of this. Results in a *loss of biodiversity.*

Soil Salinization

It occurs when *salts from water used by plants remain in the soil.* this *decreases a plants ability* to *uptake water and nutrients* which result in *lower yields* and can cause *soil to be useless.* The aral sea* was used to *irrigate deserts* in *central asia* for *cotton* as it became *salinized fish died.*

Deforestation

The *removal of large tracts of forest*. Occurs today mostly in *southeast Asia, parts of Africa ,and rainforests and South America.* this can result in problems such as *soil erosion, decreased rainfall, warmer temperatures, and desertification.*

Desertification

*Alteration of the natural vegetation* and arid areas causing *fertile land to become infertile*. It is caused by the *removal of forests or overgrazing livestock* which can *allow for increased wind erosion,* and *results in the loss of topsoil.*

Aquaculture

The practice of *raising and harvesting fish* and other forms of food *that live in water*. People in *China and Southeast Asia* have practice this for years.

Value-added Crops

Those which consumers are *willing to pay more* because of *special qualities* like *organically grown, rare sub-tropical plants* like *passion fruit, cherimoya, Logan, and star fruit* also *grass-fed beef and free-range chickens*

verticle farming

Growing crops *inside in stackable trays using greenhouses, artificial lights, and hydroponics.* They use *less water and less land* since trays are stacked vertically. Occurs in *urban areas.*

Hydroponics

Allows for crops to grow without soil using mineral rich solutions.

Food Insecurity

When households *lack access to food* because of *limited money or resources*. People often have to *choose between purchasing food or other necessities. Occurs everywhere* no matter the development, but is more *noticeable in periphery and semi-periphery countries.*

Food Desert

A neighborhood where residents have *little to no access to healthy and affordable food*. places like this normally have *low incomes and high poverty,* and *contain racial and ethnic minorities* with large percentages of *elderly and disabled* people.

Gender Inequality

The *unequal* opportunities treatments or *rights of a person based on gender.*

Gender-Specific Obstacles

Discriminatory practices that *prevent female farmers* from *reaching* their *potential productivity*. women are *denied access to finance and capital, training and education, property ownership, political power, and limited mobility.*

Crop Gap

*20% to 30%* between *male- and female-run farms. female run farms* are *less productive* because of *gender specific obstacles.*