Cardiorespiratory Week 1

functions of the heart

muscular pump

propels blood through the lungs to the tissues

at the very core, what is heart disease

disturbance of function of the heart

where is the heart located

within the mediastinum

the heart extends _________ about ________ inches from the ___________ rib to the ____________ ____________ space

obliquely; 5; second; fifth intercostal

where does the heart rest

on the diaphragm

T/F: the heart lies anterior to vertebral column and posterior to sternum

true

where does 2/3 of the heart mass lie in the body

left of midsternal line

where does the apex of the heart point to

downward toward the left hip

what are the 2 heart coverings

pericardium

epicardium

Double-walled sac, outer layer of tough connective tissue

pericardium

Visceral layer of pericardium covering myocardium

epicardium

list the layers of the heart wall

epicardium

myocardium

endocardium

Outer layer of connective tissue, coronary arteries

epicardium

Middle layer, muscular, thickest layer, workhorse of the heart

myocardium

Innermost layer, smooth membrane, heart valves part of endocardium

endocardium

T/F: there is direction communication between the right and left halves of the heart

false: there is no direct communication between right and left halves

what does the right half of the heart consist of

right atrium (RA)

right ventricle (RV)

describe the circulation on the right side of the heart

Pulmonary pump, circulates blood into pulmonary artery, lungs

describe the circulation on the left side of the heart

Systemic pump, circulates blood into aorta, organs, and tissues

______ _______ permit the flow of blood in only one direction

cardiac valves

Flap-like valves between atria and ventricles

atrioventricular (AV) vales

what is the purpose of the AV valves

prevent the backflow of blood into atria when ventricles contract

how many flaps are in the tricuspid valve

3

where does the tricuspid valve direct blood flow

RA to RV

what is the purpose of the tricuspid valve

prevents backflow to RA when RV contracts

which valve directs blood flow from LA to LV

bicuspid / mitral valve

what is the purpose of the bicuspid / mitral valve

prevents backflow to LA when LV contracts

list the main cardiac valves

atrioventricular valve

tricuspid valve

bicuspid valve

semilunar valve

pulmonary valve

aortic valve

shape of semilunar valve

cup shaped

what does the semilunar valve surround

orifices of aorta and pulmonary artery

where do the free margins of the semilunar valve face

upwards

what is the purpose of the semilunar valve

Prevent backflow of blood into ventricles during diastole

valve that goes from RV to pulmonary trunk

pulmonary valve

valve the runs from LV to aorta

aortic valve

what is the main blood supply of the heart

coronary arteries

T/F: Myocardium is too thick for the diffusion of nutrients

true

which arteries go directly to the heart

coronary arteries

what is the shortest circulation in the body

coronary arteries

which arteries go to the right and left coronary arteries that carry arterial blood to the heart when relaxed

aorta branches

regarding the myocardium, where does blood pass through

Blood passes through capillary beds of myocardium

how is venous blood collected

cardiac venins

do cardiac veins join together?

Cardiac veins join together

when cardiac veins join together, what does it form

Cardiac veins join together to form the coronary sinus

where does the coronary sinus empty blood

coronary sinus that empties blood into the RA

what is the blood supply to the heart

right coronary artery

left coronary artery

? Supplies posterior wall and posterior part of interventricular septum

right coronary artery

? Supplies anterior wall, anterior part of interventricular septum

left coronary artery

what are the branches of the left coronary artery

Left anterior descending artery (LADA)

Left circumflex artery (LCA) supplies lateral wall

T/F: adult cardiac muscle proliferates to replace damaged or destroyed muscle fibers

false: adult cardiac muscle does not proliferate to replace damaged or destroyed muscle fibers

T/F: in the heart, most areas of cell death repair with noncontractile scar tissue

true

A group of specialized muscle cells that initiate electrical impulses

conduction system

how are the impulses initiated in the conduction system

Impulses are initiated in the SA node in the RA near opening of the superior vena cava

T/F: regarding the conduction system; the ability of the cardiac muscle to depolarize and contract is intrinsic

true

does the conduction system of the heart depend on the nervous system?

no

the cardiac cycle consists of ?

all events associated with blood flow through the heart during one complete heartbeat

list the flow of blood in the cardiac cycle

Atrial systole → atrial diastole → ventricular systole → ventricular diastole

what heartbeat indicates the contraction period

systole

what heartbeat indicates the relaxation period

diastole

how many liters of blood is pumped out with cardiac output

5L per minute pumped out by each ventricle

which one is singular and plural: atria / atrium

atria - singular

atrium - plural

what are the receiving chambers of the heart

atrium

are the atrium thin or thick walled

thin

blood enters the RA via ?

3 veins

list the 3 veins of the RA

superior vena cava

inferior vena cava

coronary sinus

what blood goes to the superior vena cava

from body regions above the diaphragm

what blood goes to the inferior vena cava

from body areas below the diaphragm

what blood goes to the coronary sinus

collects blood that drains from myocardium

blood enters the LA via ?

4 pulmonary veins

describe the pulmonary circulation

Oxygen-poor blood enters RA → RV through tricuspid valve → pulmonary artery → lungs

describe the systemic circulation

Freshly oxygenated blood leaves lungs through pulmonary veins → LA → LV through mitral valve → aorta → rest of the body

what does blood flow in the arteries result from

the force of ventricular contraction

pressure is highest when ?

ventricles contract (systolic pressure)

pressure is lowest when ?

ventricles relax (diastolic pressure)

what tool examines the electrical activity of the heart

electrocardiogram (ECG)

is an ECG a diagnostic tool?

yes

ECG: P wave

Atrial depolarization, atrial systole

ECG: QRS complex

Ventricular depolarization, ventricular systole

ECG: T wave

ventricular diastole

ECG: PR interval

Time for depolarization to pass from atria to ventricles via AV bundle

what kind of disturbances can an ECG detect

disturbances in rate, rhythm, conduction, muscle injury

extent of muscle damage

Uses sound waves to create a detailed picture of the heart

echocardiogram

list the 3 types of echocardiogram

Transthoracic echocardiogram

Transesophageal echocardiogram

Stress echocardiogram

list the causes of congenital heart disease

German measles

Down syndrome

drugs

genetics

undetermined

what is the main cause of CHD

Fetal bypass channels fail to close normally

which fetal bypass channels fail to close normally in CHD

patent ductus arteriosus

patent foramen ovale

what defects happen in CHD

Atrial, ventricular, or combined septal defects

list the abnormalities obstructing flow in CHD

Pulmonary stenosis

aortic stenosis

coarctation of the aorta

T/F: a presentation of CHD is the abnormal formation of aorta and pulmonary artery or abnormal connection of vessels

true

how to prevent CHD

Protect developing fetus from intrauterine injury

is CHD more common in adults or children

adults

list the common cardiovascular abnormalities (4)

1. Patent ductus arteriosus

2. Atrial and ventricular septal defects

3. Pulmonary or aortic valve stenosis

4. Coarctation of the aorta

Tetralogy of Fallot

list the valvular diseases (4)

1. Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease

2. Nonrheumatic aortic stenosis

3. Mitral valve prolapse

•4. nfective endocarditis

In what age group is rheumatic fever most commonly encountered?

children

what reaction causes rheumatic fever

immune reaction

What type of immune response causes rheumatic fever?

An immunologic reaction that develops weeks after a bacterial infection

Which type of bacterial infection triggers rheumatic fever?

A streptococcal infection

Which specific group of bacteria is responsible for rheumatic fever?

Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus

Which two illnesses can lead to rheumatic fever?

sore throat

scarlet fever

What type of body tissues become inflamed in rheumatic fever?

connective tissue

Which two organ systems are especially affected in rheumatic fever?

heart

joints