Life Span Development

These flashcards cover key concepts in life span development, including stages of prenatal development, reflexes, attachment styles, parenting styles, and Erikson's stages of psychosocial development.

Nature

Changes attributed to genetics.

Nurture

Changes attributed to environmental experiences.

Longitudinal Design

A research method that measures the same people over a long period of time.

Cross-Sectional Design

A research method that measures different people of different ages at one point in time.

Germinal Period

The first 2 weeks after conception, involving fertilized egg, zygote, rapid cell division, and cluster of cells attaching to the uterine wall.

Embryonic Period

Week 3 to Week 8 of prenatal development, where the egg becomes an embryo and major organs form.

Fetal Period

From 3 months until birth, when the embryo becomes a fetus, growing and maturing for life outside.

Teratogens

Harmful substances that can cause abnormal birth defects.

Newborn Reflexes

Inborn responses essential for survival.

Rooting Reflex

Turning the head and opening the mouth when the cheek is touched.

Sucking Reflex

Touching lips to trigger feeding response.

Grasping Reflex

A firm grasp occurs when palms are touched.

Moro Reflex

Startle reflex where the infant throws arms out and arches the back.

Senses at Birth

All senses except vision function at birth.

Menarche

A girl's first menstrual period, typically around age 12.5.

Spermarche

A boy's first ejaculation.

Object Permanence

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when not visible.

Egocentrism

Inability of children to see another person's perspective.

Concrete Operational Stage

A stage from ages 7-12 where logic is applied to concrete objects.

Formal Operational Stage

From adolescence to adulthood, where abstract thinking and hypotheticals develop.

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

The range of skills a child can do with help from someone more skilled.

Attachment

An emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver.

Secure Attachment

When caregivers are responsive and sensitive to children's needs.

Ambivalent/Resistant Attachment

When caregivers are inconsistent and insensitive.

Avoidant Attachment

Least distressed by mother's absence.

Disorganized Attachment

Shows confusion and apprehension in the presence of the mother.

Authoritarian Parenting Style

Demanding and unresponsive parenting, characterized by strict rules.

Permissive-Indulgent Parenting Style

Warm and responsive parents with few rules and rarely punish.

Uninvolved/Neglectful Parenting Style

Indifferent and unresponsive parents who are often absent.

Authoritative Parenting Style

Warm and responsive parents with clear standards and reasoning.

Trust vs Mistrust

Erikson's stage from birth to 1 year, concerning reliance on the caregiver.

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

Erikson's stage from ages 1-3 focusing on independence versus self-doubt.

Initiative vs Guilt

Erikson's stage from ages 3 to 6, where children try activities to gain independence, rather than fear of punishment.

Industry vs Inferiority

Erikson's stage from ages 6-12 focused on pride and competence versus feeling inadequate.

Identity vs Role Confusion

Erikson's stage during adolescence where individuals figure out who they are.

Intimacy vs Isolation

Erikson's stage from ages 20 to 40 concerning meaningful relationships versus loneliness.

Generativity vs Stagnation

Erikson's stage from ages 40-65 concerning concern for future generations versus boredom.

Ego Integrity vs Despair

Erikson's final stage from age 65 and above about acceptance of life versus feelings of regret.