Elementary Psychology Exam 1 Review

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158 Terms

1

Foundations of Psychology

proposed by Edwin Boring, philosophy and physiology

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philosophy

study of thoughts (socrates, aristotle, locke, hume)

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Physiology

study of the body (Helmholtz, Darwin, Muller)

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Freud's influence

the unconsciousness- behaviors are often motivated by forces outside of conscious awareness

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behaviorism

psychology should only be based on observable behavior, not thoughts or memory

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Behaviorists

thorndike, watson, skinner

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Thorndike

behaviors increase in frequency when rewarded

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John Watson

"radical behavorism" no thoughts or feelings

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reactions to Freud

People thought that it was a good treatment but not good science because his theories were not falsifiable or make a prediction

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The cognitive revolution

Psychology can study hidden mental processes such as memory, attention, feelings, etc

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Falsifiability

Any scientific experiment should have the possibility of going against the hypothesis

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what scientific theories should do

make predictions, be as explicit as possible, be deterministic, be public, be communal

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dependence

one variable depends on the other

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independence

no relationship between variables

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dependent variable

The response measured

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independent variable

variable that is manipulated

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causes

differences between independent variables

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effect

differences between dependent variables

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nuisance variables

variables that get in the way of an experiment, typically in experimental research. Doesn't necessarily affect results, just makes it "messy"

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confounds

other factors in a person's life that may affect results. Usually in a correlational experiment

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operational definition

when you get the same result after asking or testing the hypothesis in a different way

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validity

the quality of operational definitions

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reliability

how consistent the results of a measure are

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experimental research

variables are manipulated

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correlational research

the study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables

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Psi phenomena

predicting the future, reading minds (not proven to be true)

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structured empiricism

you should only answer the question you originally asked

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verification

The results should be replicable

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testable hypothesis

A prediction that has been formulated specifically enough so that it is clear what observations would confirm the prediction and what observations would challenge it.

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cautionary points

anecdotes don't make scientific points, bold claims aren't necessarily true, just because something is unexplained doesn't mean that an explanation doesn't exist

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Structuralism

an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind

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3 dimensions of the brain

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

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Hindbrain

medulla, pons, cerebellum

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Midbrain

thalamus

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Forebrain

basal ganglia, limbic system, cortex

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limbic system

associated with emotions and drives.

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basal ganglia

movement

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cerebral cortex

the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.

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How many hemispheres are in the cerebral cortex?

2, left and right

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left hemisphere of brain

The left hemisphere of the brain is responsible for control of the right side of the body, and is the more academic and logical side of the brain.

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right hemisphere of brain

The right hemisphere of the brain is responsible for control of the left side of the body, and is the more artistic and creative side of the brain.

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4 lobes of the brain

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

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occipital lobe

vision

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temporal lobe

high level vision, hearing, language comprehension

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frontal lobe

Language production, Decision making, Personality

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parietal lobe

Spatial processing, Attention, Somatosensory cortex

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somatosensory cortex

ordered map of skin surface in parietal cortex

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Maps in the cortex

adjacent points remain adjacent, some regions have more cortex devoted to them

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plasticity in the cortex

malleable based on experience

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structuralism

Wundt, break conscious down into things that we can study

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Introspection

examination of one's own thoughts and feelings

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functionalism

James. how strengths and abilities serve a purpose in society

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Divisions of the Nervous System

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

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peripheral nervous system

A division of the nervous system consisting of all nerves that are not part of the brain or spinal cord.

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Soma

genetic information, maintains the neuron's structure, and provides energy to drive activities. cell body

<p>genetic information, maintains the neuron's structure, and provides energy to drive activities. cell body</p>
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Dendrites

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.

<p>Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.</p>
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axon hillock

Cone shaped region of an axon where it joins the cell body.

<p>Cone shaped region of an axon where it joins the cell body.</p>
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axon terminal

The endpoint of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored

<p>The endpoint of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored</p>
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myelin sheath

covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses

<p>covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses</p>
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Synapse

Gap between neurons

<p>Gap between neurons</p>
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electrical communication

ions flow within neurons

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chemical communication (neurons)

via neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic cell and the binding of these neurotransmitters to the postsynaptic cell

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role of sodium

Na+ rushing in increases the voltage of the neuron (more likely to have action potential)

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role of chloride ions in action potential

can hyperpolarize or depolarize a neuron

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hyperpolarize

make more negative (less likely to fire)

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depolarize

make more positive (more likely to fire)

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role of potassium

K+ rushing out lowers action potential returning the neuron back to normal

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role of negatively charged proteins

neutralize excess positively charged proteins

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resting potential of a neuron

-70mV

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sequence of events for action potential

resting potential, rise of action potential, fall of action potential, return to resting potential

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action potentials are

all or nothing

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synaptic transmission

communication between neurons

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sequence of events for synaptic transmission

action potential reaches axon terminal, vesicles release neurotransmitter, neurotransmitter binds with receptors, receptors open ion gates

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lock and key model

there is a specific receptor that the neurotransmitter must bind with and that binding produces an electrical charge that will either hyperpolarize or depolarize the neuron

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glutamate

excitatory neurotransmitter associated with learning and memory

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GABA

inhibitory neurotransmitters, hyperpolarizes neurons, involved in anxiety

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serotonin

involved in sleep and depression, concentrated in the hypothalamus and cortex

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Dopamine

concentrated in basal ganglia and frontal lobe, rewarded behaviors can increase dopamine levels

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Schizophrenia

too much dopamine

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Parkinson's disease

lack of dopamine

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single dissociation

a situation in which a patient is impaired on a particular task (task A) but relatively spared on another task (task B)

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double dissociation

A situation in which a single dissociation can be demonstrated in one person, and the opposite type of single dissociation can be demonstrated in another person (i.e., Person 1: function A is present; function B is damaged; Person 2: function A is damaged; function B is present).

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psychopharmacology

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

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single cell recording

put electrode in brain and listen to the changes of voltage

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event-related potential (ERP)

Electrical changes in the brain that correspond to the brain's response to a specific event; measured with EEG.

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transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

the use of strong magnets to cause neurons to fire as a way to study brain regions

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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

changes in blow flow while performing a task

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Single-cell recordings vs. Event-related potentials

single-cell recordings put an electrode into an axon of the brain to listen to changes in voltages. ERPs use a magnetic force to fire neurons.

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization

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Homeostasis

relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain

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basic model of thermoregulation

if we are cold, we will make changes to warm us up

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Set point of thermoregulation

hypothalamus

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role of hypothalamus

involved in many motivated behaviors. (4F's fighting, fleeing, feeding, and ****ing). regulates homeostasis

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Magoun et al (1938) hot cat experiment

warmed up a cat's hypothalamus and the cat acted like it was hot in the room

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cold rat experiment

rats in a cold environment will learn that pulling the lever will lead to a warmer environment. They will pull the lever when they are cold and want to get warmer

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dual-center theory

the hypothalamus has 2 centers: the hunger and satiety "full" center

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lateral hypothalamus

The part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals

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ventromedial hypothalamus

depresses hunger

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Limitations of the dual-center theory

the rat will eventually go back to a maintained weight

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