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Foundations of Psychology
proposed by Edwin Boring, philosophy and physiology
philosophy
study of thoughts (socrates, aristotle, locke, hume)
Physiology
study of the body (Helmholtz, Darwin, Muller)
Freud's influence
the unconsciousness- behaviors are often motivated by forces outside of conscious awareness
behaviorism
psychology should only be based on observable behavior, not thoughts or memory
Behaviorists
thorndike, watson, skinner
Thorndike
behaviors increase in frequency when rewarded
John Watson
"radical behavorism" no thoughts or feelings
reactions to Freud
People thought that it was a good treatment but not good science because his theories were not falsifiable or make a prediction
The cognitive revolution
Psychology can study hidden mental processes such as memory, attention, feelings, etc
Falsifiability
Any scientific experiment should have the possibility of going against the hypothesis
what scientific theories should do
make predictions, be as explicit as possible, be deterministic, be public, be communal
dependence
one variable depends on the other
independence
no relationship between variables
dependent variable
The response measured
independent variable
variable that is manipulated
causes
differences between independent variables
effect
differences between dependent variables
nuisance variables
variables that get in the way of an experiment, typically in experimental research. Doesn't necessarily affect results, just makes it "messy"
confounds
other factors in a person's life that may affect results. Usually in a correlational experiment
operational definition
when you get the same result after asking or testing the hypothesis in a different way
validity
the quality of operational definitions
reliability
how consistent the results of a measure are
experimental research
variables are manipulated
correlational research
the study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables
Psi phenomena
predicting the future, reading minds (not proven to be true)
structured empiricism
you should only answer the question you originally asked
verification
The results should be replicable
testable hypothesis
A prediction that has been formulated specifically enough so that it is clear what observations would confirm the prediction and what observations would challenge it.
cautionary points
anecdotes don't make scientific points, bold claims aren't necessarily true, just because something is unexplained doesn't mean that an explanation doesn't exist
Structuralism
an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind
3 dimensions of the brain
hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
Hindbrain
medulla, pons, cerebellum
Midbrain
thalamus
Forebrain
basal ganglia, limbic system, cortex
limbic system
associated with emotions and drives.
basal ganglia
movement
cerebral cortex
the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.
How many hemispheres are in the cerebral cortex?
2, left and right
left hemisphere of brain
The left hemisphere of the brain is responsible for control of the right side of the body, and is the more academic and logical side of the brain.
right hemisphere of brain
The right hemisphere of the brain is responsible for control of the left side of the body, and is the more artistic and creative side of the brain.
4 lobes of the brain
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
occipital lobe
vision
temporal lobe
high level vision, hearing, language comprehension
frontal lobe
Language production, Decision making, Personality
parietal lobe
Spatial processing, Attention, Somatosensory cortex
somatosensory cortex
ordered map of skin surface in parietal cortex
Maps in the cortex
adjacent points remain adjacent, some regions have more cortex devoted to them
plasticity in the cortex
malleable based on experience
structuralism
Wundt, break conscious down into things that we can study
Introspection
examination of one's own thoughts and feelings
functionalism
James. how strengths and abilities serve a purpose in society
Divisions of the Nervous System
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
A division of the nervous system consisting of all nerves that are not part of the brain or spinal cord.
Soma
genetic information, maintains the neuron's structure, and provides energy to drive activities. cell body
Dendrites
Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.
axon hillock
Cone shaped region of an axon where it joins the cell body.
axon terminal
The endpoint of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored
myelin sheath
covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses
Synapse
Gap between neurons
electrical communication
ions flow within neurons
chemical communication (neurons)
via neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic cell and the binding of these neurotransmitters to the postsynaptic cell
role of sodium
Na+ rushing in increases the voltage of the neuron (more likely to have action potential)
role of chloride ions in action potential
can hyperpolarize or depolarize a neuron
hyperpolarize
make more negative (less likely to fire)
depolarize
make more positive (more likely to fire)
role of potassium
K+ rushing out lowers action potential returning the neuron back to normal
role of negatively charged proteins
neutralize excess positively charged proteins
resting potential of a neuron
-70mV
sequence of events for action potential
resting potential, rise of action potential, fall of action potential, return to resting potential
action potentials are
all or nothing
synaptic transmission
communication between neurons
sequence of events for synaptic transmission
action potential reaches axon terminal, vesicles release neurotransmitter, neurotransmitter binds with receptors, receptors open ion gates
lock and key model
there is a specific receptor that the neurotransmitter must bind with and that binding produces an electrical charge that will either hyperpolarize or depolarize the neuron
glutamate
excitatory neurotransmitter associated with learning and memory
GABA
inhibitory neurotransmitters, hyperpolarizes neurons, involved in anxiety
serotonin
involved in sleep and depression, concentrated in the hypothalamus and cortex
Dopamine
concentrated in basal ganglia and frontal lobe, rewarded behaviors can increase dopamine levels
Schizophrenia
too much dopamine
Parkinson's disease
lack of dopamine
single dissociation
a situation in which a patient is impaired on a particular task (task A) but relatively spared on another task (task B)
double dissociation
A situation in which a single dissociation can be demonstrated in one person, and the opposite type of single dissociation can be demonstrated in another person (i.e., Person 1: function A is present; function B is damaged; Person 2: function A is damaged; function B is present).
psychopharmacology
the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
single cell recording
put electrode in brain and listen to the changes of voltage
event-related potential (ERP)
Electrical changes in the brain that correspond to the brain's response to a specific event; measured with EEG.
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
the use of strong magnets to cause neurons to fire as a way to study brain regions
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
changes in blow flow while performing a task
Single-cell recordings vs. Event-related potentials
single-cell recordings put an electrode into an axon of the brain to listen to changes in voltages. ERPs use a magnetic force to fire neurons.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization
Homeostasis
relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain
basic model of thermoregulation
if we are cold, we will make changes to warm us up
Set point of thermoregulation
hypothalamus
role of hypothalamus
involved in many motivated behaviors. (4F's fighting, fleeing, feeding, and ****ing). regulates homeostasis
Magoun et al (1938) hot cat experiment
warmed up a cat's hypothalamus and the cat acted like it was hot in the room
cold rat experiment
rats in a cold environment will learn that pulling the lever will lead to a warmer environment. They will pull the lever when they are cold and want to get warmer
dual-center theory
the hypothalamus has 2 centers: the hunger and satiety "full" center
lateral hypothalamus
The part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals
ventromedial hypothalamus
depresses hunger
Limitations of the dual-center theory
the rat will eventually go back to a maintained weight