hsitory sec 3

rajas

cheifs who led aryan tribes

atman

the essential self in Hinduism

golden age

period of great cultural achievements

filial piety

respect for ones parent

dynastic cycle

rise and fall of Chinese dynasties

monopoly

the rise and fall of Chinese dynasties

what documents from the Aryan written tradition tel us about Aryan society?

Vedas

Vedas

Collection of hymns, chants, ritual instructions, and other archaeological evidence- Priests memorized and recited the vedas for years before written down

What is the Hindus main goal

to be united with Brahman. They must free themselves from selfish desires that seperate them from brahman. They believe they can accomplish this goal through reincarnation

What is the Buddhists main goal?

unite with the universe and release from the cycle of rebirth. They reached that goal by following the Four Noble Truths

What do Buddhists and Hindus have in common?

They both believe in reincarnation and their gol is to be released from that cycle

Summarize the roles of the Mandate of Heaven and the dynastic cycle in China.

If the government became weak and corrupt it was believed Heaven would withdrawn its support. the dynastic cycle was based on the gods giving them the right to rule.

Describe two cultural achievements made in early China

The Chinese learned how to make thread from silkworms. They would use mulberry to die the thread. The Chinese made a writing Some early examples are written in oracle ones. Over time it turned into thousands of chareristics

How did Shi Huangdi centralize power in China? How did Wudi then expand China's power?

Centralized power with the help of Legalists advisers. He thought the only way to create order was to pass strict laws and impose harsh punishments for crimes. Wudi expanded China's power by trade

In what ways did the civilizations and empires of ancient India and China lay long- lasting social and political foundations?

Ancient India and China civilizations and empires lay lng lasting social and political foundation by having leaders who found new ways of life and they wanted to improve it

summer monsoons

happens in mid june- wind picks up moisture from the indian ocean and drenches the land- they shaped Indian life- if late starvation and famine occurred- if to heavy rivers caused deadly floods

Harappa and Mohenjo Daro Civilizations

make up the Indus River Valley Civilizations- Some accomplishments- town planning sanitation system water from wells

Harappa and Monhenjo Daro people

most were farmers some merchants and some traders

Harappa and Monhenjo Daro people

Grew wheat barley melons and dates- they may have been the first to cultivate and weave cotton

Harappa and Monhenfo Daro religion

probably polytheistic- mother goddess source of creation- maybe a leading male god

decline of Harappa and Monhenjo Daro

writing stopped- may have run out of resources

Aryan civilization arrival and spread

First arrived in India in the 2000 BC- originally from the area around the caspian sea in central asia

Aryan civilization government and society

Nomads who settled in villages and started to farm- lived in small communities based on family ties- villages often fought each other

rajas

chiefs of the villages in the Aryan Civilizations

Aryan civilization language

did not read or write- memorized hymns and poems important to their culture- Sanskrit was the most important language in ancient India

social classes of the aryan civilizations

1. Brahmins 2. Kshatriyas 3. vaisyas 4. sudras 5. dalits

Brahmins

priests

kshatriyas

warriors

vaisyas

herders, farmers, artisans, and merchants

sudras

farmworkers servants laborers

dalits

were considered outside of the caste system - did work that other people wouldnt

Mahabhartata

tells of civil war between family for the Ganges region

Ramayana

Teaches values of behaviors- love story

Hinduism

Grew out of overlapping beliefs of diverse groups who settled in India- complex religion- countless gods and goddesses- everyone is in Brahman- they worshipped a variety of Gods that give form to Brahman- goal of life is to achieve moksha

Brahma

Hinduism god the creator

Vishnu

the preserver hinduism god

Shiva

the destroyer hinduism god

moksha

union with Brahman- must free your self from selfish desires that separate you from Brahman to be united

atman

your essential self

the caste system reincarnation

when you die you either move up or go down a caste level- depending on your behavior in your past life

karma

all actions of a person's life that affects his or her fate in the next life

dharma

religious and moral duties

ahimsa

nonviolence to all things- all things are part of brahman and deserve respect

Siddhartha Gua

sheltered life- became the buddha and spent his life teaching others

four noble truths

lie at the heart of buddhism

1 noble truth

all life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow

2 noble truth

the cause of suffering is nonvirtue or negative deeds and mindsets

3 noble truth

the only cure for suffering is to overcome nonvirtue

4 noble truth

the way to overcome nonvirtue is to follow the eightfold path

eightfold path

between a life devoted to pleasure and one based on harsh self- denial

similarities in H and B

both stress nonviolence- believe in karma- dharma- and they cycle of rebirth

nirvanna

final goal is union with the universe and release from the cycle of rebirth

Maurya empire

gained control of Ganges Valley and N. India- well organized bureaucracy- built roads- collected taxes, managed factories- leader was Chandragupta Maurya

Asoka

grandson of Chandragupta, after fighting a bloody war converted to Buddhism- determined to rule by moral example- limited anima sacrifice- spread buddhism- tolerated other religions- his rule brought peace and prosperity- dis death brought the end to the empire

The Gupta Golden Age

peace prosperity & cultural achievement-local elected govt..- trade and farming flourished

the gupta golden age education

students educated in religious schools and included many classes

the gupta golden age math

came up with the system of numbers called Arabic- originated the concept of 0

the gupta golden age medicine

drs. used herbs, surgery to repair injuries & set bones, vaccinated against smallpox

family in Indian civilizations

the whole family lied together- oldest was the head of the household- adult sons lived with parents- property belonged to the whole family

yellow river

especially fertile due to fine duty soil carried by desert winds into China

the shang dynasty

formed in the yellow river valley

the shang dynasty govt. society

ruled by a monarch- noble court, rituals

the shang dynasty agriculture society

most people tended crops, sometimes called to fight in army or work with slaves on building projects

the shang dynasty beliefs

offered gifts to ancestors to help them in afterlife- asked for help from ancestors through oracle bonescianism

oracle bones

were written on then heated- priests interpreted the cracks

the shang dynasty achievements

dev. of Chinese writing- built huge stable structures- astronomers created a precise calendar based on cycles of the moon

the zhou dynasty government

mandate of heaven

the zhou dynasty achievements

learned to use iron- building of roads - introduced coins and chopsticks

confu

based on teachings of Kongfuzi Confucius- believed in treating others humanely- believed lack of love and respect were responsible for violence in society

daoism

encouraged people to yield to laws of nature- embraced ying and yang