AbPsy - Chapter 15: Neurocognitive Disorders

Traditionally, delirium, dementia, and amnestic disorders were categorized as

a. resulting from complications of birth.

b. part of the normal aging process.

c. organic and then cognitive disorders.

d. as temporary conditions.

c. organic and then cognitive disorders.

The three categories of neurocognitive disorders are

a. delirium, chromosomal disorders, and amnestic disorders.

b. delirium, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease.

c. Alzheimer's, delirium, and Parkinson's disease.

d. major neurocognitive disorders, mild neurocognitive disorders, and delirium.

a. delirium, chromosomal disorders, and amnestic disorders.

3. The term "organic mental disorders" is no longer used to describe cognitive disorders because

a. there is nothing "organic" about these disorders.

b. cognitive disorders are actually thought disorders.

c. the term implies that there is no effective treatment.

d. most psychological disorders have an "organic" component.

d. most psychological disorders have an "organic" component.

The cause of most cognitive disorders is ______________.

a. the normal process of aging

b. brain dysfunction

c. alcohol/substances

d. medication side effects

b. brain dysfunction

The conditions that are now called neurocognitive disorders typically cause impairment in all of the following primary abilities EXCEPT ______________.

a. memory

c. dreaming

b. perception

d. attention

c. dreaming

Cognitive disorders are often associated with changes in _____________.

a. behavior and personality

b. anxiety and depression

c. levels of paranoia

d. all of the above

d. all of the above

From the following choices, the age group most likely to use prescription medications is _________.

a. infants and young children

c. middle-aged adults

b. children and adolescents

d. older adults

d. older adults

Impaired consciousness and cognition during the course of several hours or days defines _______________.

a. delirium

c. Alzheimer's disease

b. neurocognitive disorder

d. Pick's disease

a. delirium

Which of the following is NOT a typical cause of delirium?

a. Poison

c. Infections

b. Drug use

d. Allergic reactions

d. Allergic reactions

Mr. Smith (age 72) is brought to the hospital emergency room. His son explains that his father woke up this morning and was "not himself." Mr. Smith appears confused, agitated, and a bit frightened. He does not know his own name and cannot recognize his son. Mr. Smith's son reports that his father had been completely fine with no symptoms prior to that morning. Mr. Smith appears to be suffering from ______________.

a. neurocognitive disorder due to Lewy Body disease

b. neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease

c. delirium

d. amnestic disorder

c. delirium

Which of the following groups is likely to show delirium?

a. Older adults

b. AIDS patients

c. Cancer patients

d. All of these

d. All of these

Among the elderly, delirium

a. occurs because drugs are eliminated from their system quickly.

b. accounts for a significant number of falls that cause hip fractures.

c. is rarely caused by improper medication use.

d. is easily attributed to a limited number of causes.

b. accounts for a significant number of falls that cause hip fractures.

13. The symptoms of delirium tend to develop

a. very slowly, over the course of several years.

b. very quickly, over the course of a few hours to a few days.

c. moderately slowly, over the course of several months.

d. either very quickly or very slowly, depending on the cause.

b. very quickly, over the course of a few hours to a few days.

The symptoms of delirium tend to subside

a. very slowly, over the course of several years.

b. relatively quickly.

c. moderately slowly, over the course of several months.

d. very slowly, if they ever subside at all.

b. relatively quickly.

Substance-induced delirium is a major problem for the elderly because

a. they are more likely to take prescription medications than other age groups.

b. their bodies are less able to process and eliminate drugs.

c. improper use of medication is likely to have serious side effects.

d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following individuals is MOST likely to develop delirium?

a. Joe (age 76) takes multiple medications for various medical conditions. Two new medications have just been

prescribed for him, and he has already made a mistake taking the first dose.

b. Jean (age 89) is in good physical and mental health. This morning, she has a little bit of a head cold, but has not yet taken any medication for it.

c. Mark (age 12) woke up with a low-grade fever from the viral infection that has been going around his class this past week.

d. Sarah (age 40) was in a minor car accident but claims to feel fine.

a. Joe (age 76) takes multiple medications for various medical conditions. Two new medications have just been

prescribed for him, and he has already made a mistake taking the first dose.

17. Delirium is generally treated with __________________.

a. antibiotic medication

b. benzodiazepine medication

c. antidepressant medication

d. a treatment based on the specific cause of the delirium

d. a treatment based on the specific cause of the delirium

Delirium brought on by withdrawal from alcohol and other drug is generally treated with

a. rest and reassurance.

b. antipsychotic medication.

c. antidepressant medication.

d. restraining the patient until the withdrawal symptoms are over.

b. antipsychotic medication.

Typical psychosocial intervention for a patient with delirium includes

a. restraining the patient to prevent self-harm.

b. placing the person in a new environment.

c. reassurance and surrounding with familiar belongings.

d. excluding the patient from any medical decision to avoid increased anxiety.

c. reassurance and surrounding with familiar belongings.

What is MOST successful in assisting people who are susceptible to delirium?

a. Psychosocial approach

b. Preventive efforts such as patient counseling

c. Antipsychotic medications

d. Rest and reassurance

b. Preventive efforts such as patient counseling

The gradual deterioration of brain functioning that affects judgment, memory, language, and other cognitive processes is called _______________.

a. major neurocognitive disorder

b. delirium

c. amnestic disorder

d. mental retardation

a. major neurocognitive disorder

One of the major neurocognitive differences between major neurocognitive disorder caused by Alzheimer's disease and majordisorder caused by depression is that Alzheimer's type major neurocognitive disorder

a. is generally reversible.

b. is not reversible.

c. involves a slow increase in symptoms.

d. leads to a rapid decline in abilities.

b. is not reversible.

All of the following are possible causes of dementia EXCEPT _________________.

a. Alzheimer's disease

b. drugs and alcohol

c. infection or depression

d. food additives and preservatives

d. food additives and preservatives

24. The most common cause of major neurocognitive disorder is ______________.

a. a history of substance abuse

b. Alzheimer's disease

c. improper use of prescription drugs

d. syphilis

b. Alzheimer's disease

One major difference that is useful in the diagnosis of major neurocognitive disorder or delirium is that

a. major neurocognitive disorder symptoms develop slowly over time, and delirium symptoms develop quickly.

b. major neurocognitive disorder symptoms are usually associated with underlying medical conditions, and delirium is usually the result of other factors.

c. the initial symptoms of major neurocognitive disorder are generally more severe than the symptoms of delirium.

d. the symptoms of major neurocognitive disorder involve memory, but the symptoms of delirium are more likely to involve expressive language.

a. major neurocognitive disorder symptoms develop slowly over time, and delirium symptoms develop quickly.

At the age of 50, Debra has begun to receive quite a bit of teasing from her family about being "absentminded." The truth is that Debra has been hiding the fact that each week she seems to remember less and less. For the last month, she has been getting lost while driving home from work. Lately, Debra has been relying on a hand-drawn map to get home. She has started having trouble recognizing the faces of people at work and frequently forgets why she started to do something. Debra appears to be developing __________________.

a. delirium

c. neurocognitive disorder

b. amnestic disorder

d. medically induced dementia

c. neurocognitive disorder

People with neurocognitive disorder sometimes suffer from agnosia, which is defined as the inability to _________.

a. use language

c. recognize and name objects

b. understand language

d. remember events and places

c. recognize and name objects

The inability to recognize objects is called _____________.

a. agnosia

c. anhedonia

b. alexia

d. apraxia

a. agnosia

Which of the following is TRUE of major neurocognitive disorder?

a. The number of new cases per year is decreasing.

b. More men than women have major neurocognitive disorder.

c. The financial costs of major neurocognitive disorder are decreasing.

d. Major neurocognitive disorder rates are increasing as people live longer.

d. Major neurocognitive disorder rates are increasing as people live longer.

Which of the following statements about major neurocognitive disorder is FALSE?

a. Globally, one new case of major neurocognitive disorder is identified every 30 seconds.

b. Worldwide, the cost of major neurocognitive disorder is about $315 billion per year.

c. Nearly half of the cases of major neurocognitive disorder are of the Alzheimer's type.

d. The rate of new cases doubles with every 5 years of age after age 75.

a. Globally, one new case of major neurocognitive disorder is identified every 30 seconds.

When a person has major neurocognitive disorder, he or she may also experience delusions, depression, agitation, aggression, and/or apathy, all of which are due to

a. progressive deterioration of brain functioning.

b. frustration experienced by these patients as they lose their cognitive abilities.

c. neither of these

d. both of these

d. both of these

The prevalence of major neurocognitive disorder in adults between the ages of 65 and 74 is ____________.

a. around .5%

c. hovering at 3%

b. less than 1%

d. a little more than 5%

d. a little more than 5%

. The prevalence of major neurocognitive disorder in adults over the age of 85 is ___________.

a. 1% to 5%

c. 20% to 40%:

b. 10% to 15%

d. more than 50%

c. 20% to 40%:

34. In the United States alone, the cost of caring for patients with Alzheimer's type major neurocognitive disorder is estimated to be about _______.

a. $100 thousand

c. $100 billion

b. $100 million

d. $100 trillion

c. $100 billion

All of the following are types of neurocognitive disorder EXCEPT

a. vascular neurocognitive disorder.

b. substance/medication-induced neurocognitive disorder.

c. neurocognitive disorder due to mononucleosis.

d. neurocognitive disorder due to prion disease.

c. neurocognitive disorder due to mononucleosis.

The definitive diagnosis of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease can currently be made based on solely on ______________.

a. cognitive testing b. brain scans

c. autopsy results

d. behavioral analysis

c. autopsy results

How is neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease usually diagnosed?

a. MRI findings

b. Brain biopsy

c. Functional brain scan

d. Simplified mental status exam

d. Simplified mental status exam

Neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease is characterized by

a. multiple cognitive deficits that progress over time.

b. a few severe cognitive deficits that develop gradually and steadily. c. multiple cognitive deficits that develop quickly.

d. a few severe cognitive deficits that develop quickly.

a. multiple cognitive deficits that progress over time.

Which of the following is used for a definitive diagnosis of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease?

a. Psychological testing

b. A mental status exam

c. Reported observations of the patient by family members

d. None of the above

d. None of the above

In the advanced stages of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease, a phenomenon called "sundowner syndrome" occurs in which cognitive disturbances tend to

a. improve as the day goes on.

b. become worse toward evening.

c. come and go during the course of the day.

d. peak around mid-day.

b. become worse toward evening.

Although the sample size is small, the results of a study that looked at the writings of a group of Catholic nuns (Snowden et al., 1996), suggest that the development of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease might be predicted in early life by analyzing the __________ present in an individual's writing.

a. errors

c. idea density

b. word usage

d. emotional tone

c. idea density

The progress of cognitive deterioration in Alzheimer's disease is most rapid during the _____ stages of the disease.

a. early

c. late

b. middle

d. advanced

b. middle

The progression of cognitive deterioration in neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease is

a. slow during early stages and late stages, and rapid during middle stages.

b. rapid during early and late stages, and slow during middle stages.

c. slow and progressive throughout the individual's life.

d. slow in the early stages and rapid during late stages.

a. slow during early stages and late stages, and rapid during middle stages.

What is the approximate average survival time of a patient diagnosed with neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease?

a. 4 years

c. 15 years

b. 8 years

d. 20 years

b. 8 years

Symptoms of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease typically appear during the ___________.

a. 40s and 50s

c. 60s and 70s

b. 50s and 60s

d. 70s and 80s

c. 60s and 70s

Research suggests that Alzheimer's disease accounts for about _____of the cases of neurocognitive disorder.

a. 15%

c. 50%

b. 25%

d. 75%

c. 50%

Which of the following individuals has the greatest risk of developing neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease?

a. Paul, who is wealthy and well educated.

b. Rena, who completed college although she has an average IQ.

c. Jason, who is extremely bright but never finished college.

d. Carrie, who dropped out of school when she was very young.

d. Carrie, who dropped out of school when she was very young.

One hypothesis to explain the observed differences in the rate of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease for individuals of varying educational level is that

a. the abilities acquired through formal education create a "mental reserve" that helps offset the symptoms of

the illness as they progress.

b. the type of mental activity associated with formal education places an additional burden on the brain that makes symptoms worse once a person has the disorder.

c. knowledge acquired through formal education helps one avoid exposure to environmental stimuli that might influence the disorder.

d. the type of work that most college graduates pursue is less likely to expose the individual to the stressors associated with the disorder.

a. the abilities acquired through formal education create a "mental reserve" that helps offset the symptoms of

the illness as they progress.

In regard to neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease, the biological "cognitive reserve" hypothesis suggests that

a. skills acquired through formal education can actually enhance the early symptoms of the illness.

b. the more synapses one develops throughout life, the more neuronal death required before the person becomes impaired.

c. individuals with neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease never had reserve neurons.

d. neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease is caused by a lack of formal education.

b. the more synapses one develops throughout life, the more neuronal death required before the person becomes impaired.

What is the biological version of the theory that states that formal education helps insulate people from the effects of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease?

a. Mind-body hypothesis

b. Neuronal network theory

c. Cognitive reserve hypothesis

d. Cortical activity theory

c. Cognitive reserve hypothesis

Higher levels of education are associated with

a. the prevention of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease.

b. a delay in the onset of symptoms of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease.

c. a slow course of deterioration after neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease first starts.

d. the rapid onset of symptoms in neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease.

b. a delay in the onset of symptoms of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease.

The theory that the more synapses a person develops, the more neurons must die before the signs of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease are apparent is called the ___________________.

a. cognitive reserve hypothesis

b. synaptic deterioration hypothesis

c. oversight theory

d. genetic hypothesis

a. cognitive reserve hypothesis

According to the most recent research, which of the following statements is TRUE concerning ethnic background and the development of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease?

a. Japanese, Nigerian, and Amish individuals have lower prevalence of the disorder.

b. The illness is found in roughly the same numbers across all ethnic groups.

c. Educated European ethnic groups have a lower rate of getting the disease. d. Native Americans have a slightly higher rate of the disorder.

b. The illness is found in roughly the same numbers across all ethnic groups.

Which of the following statements is TRUE with regard to the rate of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease for different demographic groups?

a. Males and certain racial groups appear to have lower rates of the disorder.

b. No differences are found in the rate of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease by gender, but

some racial differences have been noted.

c. No differences are found in the rate of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease by race, but women appear to have a higher rate of the disorder than men.

d. No differences in the rate of the disorder by race or gender have been noted.

c. No differences are found in the rate of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease by race, but women appear to have a higher rate of the disorder than men.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about vascular neurocognitive disorder?

a. The prevalence rate is 25% for those over age 80.

b. The risk for women is slightly higher than men.

c. The outcome is similar to that of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease.

d. The onset is about the same as for neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease.

c. The outcome is similar to that of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease.

There are fewer studies on vascular neurocognitive disorder because

a. it is less serious than neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease

b. of its lower incidence rates as compared to Alzheimer's disease.

c. its cause is clear and not in need of research.

d. none of the above

b. of its lower incidence rates as compared to Alzheimer's disease.

A key difference between vascular neurocognitive disorder and Alzheimer's disease is/are ____________.

a. rate of onset

b. prevalence

c. gender distribution

d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Why are the symptoms of vascular neurocognitive disorder so different in each patient?

a. It is not known why patients with vascular neurocognitive disorder have different symptoms.

b. The symptoms relate to the area of the brain damaged.

c. The symptoms depend upon the person's other medical conditions.

d. Patients tend to be elderly and easily confused.

b. The symptoms relate to the area of the brain damaged.

The risk of developing vascular neurocognitive disorder is

a. greater for women than men.

b. greater for men than women.

c. equal for men and women.

d. greater for men in Western cultures, but equal for men and women in other cultures.

b. greater for men than women.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the different types of neurocognitive disorder?

a. All forms of neurocognitive disorder have the same onset, symptoms, and course.

b. Vascular neurocognitive disorder has a more rapid, onset and patients suffer a much more rapid demise that with the other forms of neurocognitive disorder.

c. Vascular neurocognitive disorder has a more rapid onset and results in fewer deficits than neurocognitive

disorder due to Alzheimer's disease.

d. Vascular neurocognitive disorder has a more rapid onset than neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease, although the course and outcome are similar.

d. Vascular neurocognitive disorder has a more rapid onset than neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease, although the course and outcome are similar.

All of the following are causes of neurocognitive disorder EXCEPT _________.

a. HIV

c. pneumonia

b. vitamin B12 deficiency

d. chronic traumatic encephalopathy

c. pneumonia

Neurocognitive disorder caused by HIV appears to be due to ______________.

a. the HIV infection itself

b. side effects of medications used to treat HIV

c. opportunistic infections that occur in HIV patients

d. chemical imbalances in the brain

a. the HIV infection itself

The neurocognitive disorder experienced by HIV patients primarily affects areas of the brain in the ___________.

a. meninges

b. hindbrain

c. inner areas of the brain

d. brain stem

c. inner areas of the brain

Neurocognitive disorder due to HIV is more likely to cause ___________ than neurocognitive disorder due to

Alzheimer's disease.

a. death

c. long-term memory loss

b. short-term memory loss

d. severe depression

d. severe depression

The differing patterns of impairment associated with neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease and neurocognitive disorder due to HIV are primarily attributable to

a. the different areas of the brain affected.

b. the immune response to the virus in HIV patients.

c. psychosocial differences in the lives of the typical patients with each disorder.

d. unexplained causes.

a. the different areas of the brain affected.

66. The introduction of new medications for AIDS (e.g., HAARTs) has _________ the percentage of patients who

develop neurocognitive disorder.

a. increased

c. eliminated

b. decreased

d. had no effect on

b. decreased

If Jane's neurocognitive disorder is caused by a process that has damaged her brain's dopamine pathways, it can be assumed that this condition is caused by __________________..

a. head trauma

b. Parkinson's disease

c. Huntington's disease

d. neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease

b. Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease is associated with __________________.

a. subcortical neurocognitive disorder

b. delirium tremens

c. delirium

d. development of a Trendelenburg gait

a. subcortical neurocognitive disorder

Only some of the patients diagnosed with ______________ and _____________ go on to develop neurocognitive disorder.

a. Alzheimer's; Huntington's disease

b. Pick's disease; Huntington's disease

c. Huntington's disease; Parkinson's disease

d. Parkinson's disease; Pick's disease

c. Huntington's disease; Parkinson's disease

Compared to most disorders, Huntington's disease is very unusual because it is

a. the result of one gene.

b. influenced by many genes.

c. always a cause of neurocognitive disorder.

d. associated with subcortical impairment.

a. the result of one gene.

The disorder that causes a form of neurocognitive disorder called Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is a variant of

a. Huntington's disease.

b. Pick's disease.

c. neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disorder.

d. bovine spongiform encephalopathy ("mad cow disease").

d. bovine spongiform encephalopathy ("mad cow disease").The symptoms of substance/medication-induced neurocognitive disorder are most similar to the symptoms observed in _______________.

a. vascular neurocognitive disorder

b. neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease

c. Huntington's disease

d. HIV-induced neurocognitive disorder

The symptoms of substance/medication-induced neurocognitive disorder are most similar to the symptoms observed in _______________.

a. vascular neurocognitive disorder

b. neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease

c. Huntington's disease

d. HIV-induced neurocognitive disorder

b. neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease

The symptoms of substance/medication-induced neurocognitive disorder are generally associated with

a. toxic effects of the substances.

b. temporary impairment in brain functioning.

c. permanent brain damage.

d. poor diet and self-care behaviors.

c. permanent brain damage

The research finding of a negative correlation between smoking and neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease is generally interpreted to mean that

a. research findings are sometimes in error.

b. nicotine protects against neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease for most people.

c. smoking may be helpful in protecting people at high risk for Alzheimer's disease.

d. smoking may shorten the lives of smokers so they do not live long enough to develop neurocognitive disorder

due to Alzheimer's disease.

d. smoking may shorten the lives of smokers so they do not live long enough to develop neurocognitive disorder

due to Alzheimer's disease.

Genetic research suggests that Alzheimer's disease is linked to

a. Down syndrome through chromosome 21.

b. Parkinson's Disease through a single gene.

c. depression through chromosome 12.

d. Huntington's disease due to a genetic mutation.

a. Down syndrome through chromosome 21.

Which disorder is associated with the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques in the brain?

a. Huntington's disease

b. Pick's disease

c. neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease

d. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

c. neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease

The neurofibrillary tangles associated with neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease are best described as

a. tangled, strand-like filaments in brain cells.

b. tangled, strand-like filaments throughout the nervous system.

c. gummy protein deposits in the cortex.

d. gummy protein deposits throughout the nervous system.

a. tangled, strand-like filaments in brain cells.

The amyloid plaques that accumulate in the brain of patients with neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease are best described as

a. tangled, strand-like filaments.

c. plaques of dead nerve cells.

b. gummy protein deposits.

d. mineral deposits.

b. gummy protein deposits.

Research into the causes of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease indicates the influence of

a. multiple genes.

b. a single gene.

c. environmental toxins.

d. high levels of aluminum.

a. multiple genes.

The late onset form of Alzheimer's disease is related to chromosome ___________.

a. 21

b. 14

c. 19

d. 12

c. 19

A gene with a 100% chance of causing Alzheimer disease is identified as ______________.

a. deterministic

b susceptible

b. relative

c. functional

a. deterministic

If the presence of a gene means you have a 100% chance of developing the disease, the gene is considered ________________.

a. deterministic

c. susceptible

b. reductionist

d. absolutist

a. deterministic

Some studies suggest that deposits of ______ cause the cell death associated with Alzheimer's disease:

a. amyloid beta

c. cholesterol

b. fat

d. protein

a. amyloid beta

A possible external cause of neurocognitive disorder involves ____________________.

a. repeated head trauma

b. constant stress

c. sleep deprivation

d. smoking

a. repeated head trauma

85. One theory about the development of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease suggests that the formation of solid waxy proteins in the brain causes the disorder in a process similar to

a. cholesterol build-up in blood vessels causing cardiovascular disease.

b. vascular spasms causing migraines.

c. head trauma causing neuronal death.

d. formation of scar tissue following an injury.

a. cholesterol build-up in blood vessels causing cardiovascular disease.

86. The gene responsible for producing amyloid precursor protein (APP) appears to explain the development of

a. neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease in general.

b. late onset neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease.

c. non-Alzheimer's type of neurocognitive disorder that tends to affect unique populations, such as those with strong family history of the disorder.

d. early onset neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease and the higher frequency of the disorder in Down Syndrome patients.

d. early onset neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease and the higher frequency of the disorder in Down Syndrome patients.

The greater the number of apolipoprotein (apo E4) genes an individual possesses, the

a. more likely the individual is to develop vascular neurocognitive disorder.

b. less likely the individual is to develop vascular neurocognitive disorder.

c. more likely the individual is to develop neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease.

d. less likely the individual is to develop neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease.

c. more likely the individual is to develop neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease.

Apolipoprotein (apo E4) is associated with the development of neurocognitive disorder because apo E4 a. helps insulate neurons from various toxins.

b. results in neurofibrillary tangles.

c. causes aluminum to concentrate in the brain.

d. helps transport amyloid protein through the bloodstream.

d. helps transport amyloid protein through the bloodstream.

In regard to neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease, having two genes for apolipoprotein (apo E4)

a. increases the risk of developing neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease, but does not relate to the

age of onset.

b. decreases the risk of developing neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease and raises the average age of onset.

c. decreases the risk of developing neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease but lowers the average age of onset.

d. increases the risk of developing neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease and decreases the average age of onset.

d. increases the risk of developing neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease and decreases the average age of onset.

The condition called dementia pugilistica is diagnosed in ______________.

a. baseball players

b. boxers

c. bowlers

d. basketball playe

b. boxers

Individuals who have the apo E44 gene ______________ of developing Alzheimer's disease.

a. are at increased risk

b. have nearly a 100% chance

c. are not at risk

d. may or may not be at risk

a. are at increased risk

92. All of the following are considered deterministic genes EXCEPT __________.

a. presenilin-1

c. apo E44

b. presenilin-2

d. ßamyloid precursor

c. apo E44

Which of the following environmental stressors appears to be a significant factor in the later development of neurocognitive disorder (including that caused by Alzheimer's disease)?

a. Smoking

b. Low blood pressure

c. Repeated head trauma

d. Exposure to high levels of aluminum

c. Repeated head trauma

Recent research regarding the biological processes and genetic factors associated with neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease is best viewed as

a. absolute fact.

b. preliminary findings that need to be studied further.

c. hypotheses that have yet to be tested.

d. interesting theories regarding influences, though of little potential use for finding a way to predict and treat

neurocognitive disorder.

b. preliminary findings that need to be studied further.

The risk for developing neurocognitive is influenced by all of the following psychological or social factors EXCEPT

a. cigarette smoking.

b. participation in sports such as boxing.

c. personality traits such as extroversion.

d. level of formal education.

c. personality traits such as extroversion.

Psychological and social influences involved in neurocognitive disorder

a. help determine the onset and course.

b. are direct causes.

c. have no influence.

d. have not been studied.

a. help determine the onset and course.

Treatment for Alzheimer's disease utilizes drugs that prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine including all of the following EXCEPT

a. paroxetine (Paxil)

. b. tacrine hydrochloride (Cognex).

c. donepezil (Aricept).

d. galantamine (Reminyl).

a. paroxetine (Paxil)

Appropriate treatment goals for a patient recently diagnosed with neurocognitive disorder include all of the following EXCEPT

a. reverse the neurological damage already done.

b. improve lifestyle to prevent further neurological damage.

c. reduce the current rate of decline.

d. learn strategies to compensate for existing limitations.

a. reverse the neurological damage already done.

The primary treatment for neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease is a. antidepressant medication such as SSRIs.

a. antidepressant medication such as SSRIs.

c. vitamin B-12 supplements.

b. diet and exercise.

d. medications such as Cognex or Aricept.

d. medications such as Cognex or Aricept.

Patients with neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease benefit from medications that work by

a. preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine.

b. enhancing the level of dopamine.

c. preventing the reuptake of serotonin.

d. unknown mechanisms.

a. preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine.