Exam 3

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227 Terms

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Animals pt 1
update didnt attend
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Neoproterozoic Era
1 bya - 541 mya
Most severe glaciation period, ice sheets reached equator
1 bya - 541 mya
Most severe glaciation period, ice sheets reached equator
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When did animals first appear?
700 mya
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Monophyletic
ALL descendants came from one common ancestor
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Common ancestor of animals
choanoflagellates
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When were animal fossils found
560 mya
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Paleozoic Era
541-252 mya
Cambrian explosion
Permian mass extinction
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Cambrian Explosion
535-525 mya
1/2 of all extant animal phyla have oldest fossils found here
Most bilaterians appear here
Animals moved from sea -\> land
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What caused the Cambrian explosion?
Atmospheric changes
Predator-prey relationships
Changes in development
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Permian Mass Extinction
250 mya
96% all marine species extinct
70% terrestrial vertebrate species extinct
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What likely caused the Permian extinction?
Impact event, increased volcanoes, methane from sea floor
Sea level changes, anoxic and arid
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Mesozoic Era
252-266 mya
Age of reptiles
Lots of environmental activity (climate, tectonics, evolution)
Diversification
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Cretaceous Mass Extinction
65 mya
Asteroid hits -\> causes global cooling
75% all species lost
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Cenozoic Era
66 mya - present
Age of Mammals
Current extinction (habitat loss, pollution/toxins, overexploitation)
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Animals pt 2
divider
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How are animals characterized/organized
Tissues
Symmetry
Body Cavities
Development I
Development II
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Parazoa
no true tissues (sponges)
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Eumetazoa
animals with true tissues
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Ectoderm
the outer germ layer that develops into skin, hair, teeth
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Endoderm
the inner germ layer that develops into the digestive tract and respiratory systems
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Mesoderm
the middle germ layer that develops into muscles, skeletal structures, and the circulatory system
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Diploblastic
Having two germ layers.
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Triploblastic
Having three germ layers.
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The two phyla that do not have mesoderm (diploblastic)
Ctenophores (comb jellies)
Cnidarians (corals, jellies, hydras)
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True or false: sponges have radial symmetry
False, sponges have no symmetry
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Radial symmetry
Symmetry about a central axis
Cnidarians, ctenophores
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Bilateral symetry
One line that divides it into haves that are mirror images
Most bilateral organisms have cephalization
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cephalization
concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front of an animal's body
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Acoelomate
No fluid-filled/air-filled body cavity (solid)
Flatworms, sponges, cnidarians, ctenophores
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Pseudocoelomate
Fluid-filled/air-filled body cavity lined with mesoderm and endoderm
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Coelomate
Body cavity completely lined with mesoderm
Most animals
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What advantages do coelomates have?
organs grow/move independently
internal fluid transport
cushioning for organs/structures
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Development I separates
protostomes from deuterostomes
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blastopore
the opening of the central cavity of an embryo in the early stage of development
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Protostomes
Animals with a mouth that develop from blastopore
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Deuterostomes
Animals with an anus that develops from the blastopore
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Advantage of Deuterostomes
developmental flexibility
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Development II creates
Protostome divisions: Ecdysozoa and Lophotrochozoa
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Ecdysozoa
Animals that shed cuticles (ecdysis)
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Lophotrochozoa
Taxonomic clade

Animals that have a trochophore larvae stage or a lophophore feeding structure
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Dr. Vik Iyengar Science News
Signs of sexual selection: dimorphic sexes

Maritime Earwigs
- sexually-dimorphic weaponry, modified cerci

Male earwigs - ritualized/rather lethal fighting, more likely to cohabitate than females

Female earwigs - maternal care and aggression, lethal
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Intrasexual Earwig Interactions
Larger earwigs outcompete smaller ones
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Intersexual Earwig Interactions
Cohabitate with smaller partners
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INVERTEBRATES I
divider
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Janine Benyus
Wrote Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature
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Invertebrates
Animals without backbones
Occupy almost every habitat on earth
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True or False: There are more vertebrates than invertebrates
False
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Phylum Porifera
Sponges
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Features of Porifera
No tissues

No symmetry

Acoelomate
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Lifestyle of Porifera
Mostly marine

Sessile

Filter feed
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Asexual Reproduction of Porifera
External and internal budding

Fragmentation
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Gemmules
Internal budding

Produced when dying and can remain dormant
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Sexual Reproduction of Porifera
Sequential hermaphrodites
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Porifera Feeding
Canals with flagellated chambers

**Choanocytes** more water from pores and food in

**Amoebocytes** digest and transport food
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Bioutilization of Porifera
Cribrostatin kills cancer cells and strains of *Streptococcus* (NOT BIOMIMICRY)
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Phylum Cnidaria
Corals, jellies, hydras
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Features of Cnidaria
Diploblastic

Radial symmetry

Acoelomate
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Forms of Cnidaria
Sessile polyp

Mobile medusa
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Sexual Reproduction of Cnidaria
Two stages: sessile polyp and mobile medusa

Spawn with the moon phase
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Asexual Reproduction of Cnidaria
Budding

Fragmentation

Split down middle
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Feeding of Cnidaria
Tentacles capture and push prey into gastrovascular cavity

**Cnidocytes** used for capture and self defense

**Nematocysts** contain the stinging thread
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Cnidaria have no centralized _______ but a
brain, nerve net
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Portuguese Man o’ War
Colonial organism, made of specialized individual polyps

Function like a single animal
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Phylum Cnidaria Class Anthozoa
Sea anemones, corals

Occur only as polyps

Have **zooxanthellae** in tissue
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Zooxanthellae
Photosynthetic algae
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Corals are signals of high _____
productivity and biodiversity
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Clade Lophotrochozoa Phylum Platyhelminthes
Free-living and parasitic flatworms
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Features of Platyhelminthes
Triploblastic

Bilateral symmetry
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Free-living Platyhelminthes
Predators

**Ocelli** light sensitive eye spot

Sexual reproduction - hermaphrodites

Asexual reproduction - fission, budding
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Parasitic Platyhelminthes
More than half

Multiple hosts in life cycles
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Blood Flukes (Schistosoma)
Causes Schistosomiasis

2nd most socioeconomically devastating parasitic disease
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Blood Flukes Life Cycle
Fertilized eggs exit in feces

Eggs develop into **miracidium**

Miracidium infect snails and turn into **cercaria**

Cercaria penetrate skin/vessels of humans
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Miracidium
First larvae stage of blood flukes

Sessile larva
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Cercaria
Second larvae stage of blood flukes

Motile larva
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Clade Lophotrochozoa Phylum Syndermata
Rotifers
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Features of Syndermata
Triploblastic

Bilateral symmetry

Pseudocelomates

Smaller than many protists
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Clade Lophotrochozoa Phylum Ectoprocta/Bryozoa and Brachiopoda
Ectoprocts/Bryozoa and Brachiopods
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When were Brachiopods most diverse?
Paleozoic and Mesozoic era
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Features of Ectoprocta/Bryozoa and Brachiopoda
Triploblastic

Bilateral symmetry

Coelomates
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CL Phylum Mollusca
Second most diverse phylum
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Who has the most species, Brachiopods or Mollusca?
Mollusca
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Features of Phylum Mollusca
Triploblastic

Bilateral symmetry

Coelomates
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Mantle of Mollusca
Dorsal part of body

Covers visceral mass

Secretes CaCO2

Anus and genitals open into mantle cavity
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Radula of Mollusca
Rough structure used for feeding (not in bivalves)
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Circulatory system of Mollusca
Open, no veins or arteries

“Blood” pumped by heart into body cavity
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Gastropods
Largest group of Mollusca

Most are marine, some freshwater and land
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Bivalves
Group of Mollusca

Clams, oysters, mussels, scallops

Aquatic

Two shells with two adductor muscles

Filter feeders
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Cephalopods
Group of Mollusca

Squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus

Aquatic

Tentacles with suckers and a beak

Shell is internal, external, or nonexistent
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What is the circulatory system of Cephalopods?
Closed
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CL Phylum Annelida
Errantians and Sedentarians
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Errantians
Mobile

Bristle structures on body segments
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Sedentarians
Reduced or no parapodia

Earthworms and leaches
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Features of Annelida
Triploblastic

Bilateral Symmetry

Coelomates
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Body of Annelida
Segmented body, same set of organs per segment
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Circulatory system of Annelida
Closed
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Reproduction of Annelida
Sexual - most common, many hermaphrodites

Asexual - dividing, budding, regeneration after injury
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Advantages of Segmentation
Repeatability

Hydrostatic skeleton (fluid skeleton)

Specialization (anterior “brain”)
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Clade Ecdysozoa
Shed external coat

8 phyla

Most species in this clade (insects)
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Review: What clade are Platyhelminthes?
Lophotrochozoa
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Clade Ecdysozoa Phylum Tardigrada
“water bears”

800 species