human anatomy and physiology 1 Lab Exam 2

Hyaline Cartilage

provide support with flexibility and resilience

articular cartilage

cover the ends of most bones at movable joints

elastic

better for repeating bending (external

ear and epiglottis)

fibrocartilage

compressive with tensile strength (bundles of collagen)

• Menisci

• Intervertebral discs

bone functions

• Support

• Protection

• Anchorage

• Mineral and growth factor storage • Blood cell formation

• Fat storage

• Hormone production

2 regions the skeletal system is divided into

axial and appendicular

Axial skeleton

forms the central supporting axis of the body

• includes the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage (ribs and sternum).

appendicular skeleton

includes the bones of the upper limb and pectoral girdle and the bones of the lower limb and pelvic girdle.

long bone structure

Outer shell of dense compact bone

• Encloses the medullary cavity which contains bone

marrow

The central space is occupied by spongy bone

diaphysis

shaft (provides leverage)

epiphysis

expanded head at each end (provides strength to the joint and attachment area)

articular cartilage

hyaline cartilage at the joint surface (bone-to-bone cushion)

periosteum (collagen)

sheath covering the bone

Endosteum

A thin layer of reticular connective tissue that lines the spongy bone

In children and adolescents, this separates the marrow spaces of the epiphysis and diaphysis; Is a zone where the bones grow in length

an epiphyseal plate of hyaline cartilage

In adults, the epiphyseal plate is depleted and the bones can grow no longer, but this marks where the plate used to be

epiphyseal line

osteogenic cell

develops into an osteoblast

osteoblast

forms bone tissue

osteocyte

maintains bone tissue

osteoclast

functions in resorption, destruction of bone matrix

tuberosity

large rounded projection, may be roughened

crest

narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent

trochanter

very large blunt irregularly shaped process (the only examples are the femur)

line

narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than crest

tubercle

small rounded projection or process

epicondyle

raised area on or above condyle

spine

sharp slender often pointed projection

process

any bone prominence

bone markings

projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachments

head

boney expansion carried on narrow neck

facet

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

condyle

rounded articular projection

ramus

armlike bar of bone

meatus

canal-like passageway

sinus

cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with a mucous membrane

fossa

shallow, basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

groove

furrow

fissure

narrow, slitlike opening

foramen

round or oval opening through a bone

calcitonin

"stores" Ca++ when we have too much

Regulating high blood calcium level

->thyroid-->calcitonin-->build up of bone by osteoblast-->blood Ca++level decreases-->normal blood calcium level

Regulating low blood calcium level

-->parathyroids-->parathyroid hormone-->breakdown of bone by osteoclasts-->blood Ca++level increases-->normal blood calcium level

parathyroid hormone

Gets Ca++ from bones when we need it

Skull

is composed of 22 bones and sometimes more

sutures

connects immovable joints of the skull which are visible as seams on the surface

foramina

holes that allow passage for nerves and blood vessels in the bones of the skull

cranial cavity

largest cavity in skull, encloses the brain, orbits(eye sockets), nasal cavity, oral (buccal) cavity, middle and inner ear cavity, and paranasal sinuses

paranasal sinuses

the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary sinuses

• They are connected with the nasal cavity, lined by mucous membranes, and filled with air.

foramen cecum

holds the obliterated thyroglossal duct

optic canal

holds the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery

foramen rotundum

holds the maxillary nerve

foramen spinosum

holds the meningeal artery

jugular foramen

holds the internal jugular vein

foramen magnum

holds the spinal cord

frontal bone

From the forehead back to a prominent coronal suture

coronal suture

crosses the crown of the head from right to left and joins the frontal bone to the parietal bones

supraorbital margin

a ridge that runs deep to the eyebrows

supraorbital foramen

passage for a nerve, artery, and veins; In some people, a supraorbital notch

glabella

The smooth just above the root of the nose

The right and left parietal bones

• Most of the cranial roof

• Part of its walls

Each Parietal bone bordered by 4 sutures:

1. a sagittal suture between the parietal bones

2. the coronal suture at the anterior margin

3. the lambdoid suture at the posterior margin

4. the squamous suture laterally

4 sutures OF PARIETAL BONE IMAGE

parts of temporal bone

squamous part, tympanic part, mastoid part, and petrous part

squamous part

squamous suture

tympanic part

borders the external acoustic meatus, the opening into the ear canal

mastoid part

lies posterior to the tympanic part

mastoid process

is filled with small air sinuses that communicate with the middle-ear cavity

petrous part

separates the middle cranial fossa from the posterior fossa

internal acoustic meatus

allows passage of the vestibulocochlear nerve (hearing and balance)

from the inner ear to the brain

carotid canal

internal carotid artery

jugular foramen

internal jugular vein of the neck, glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves

occipital bone

the rear of the skull (occiput) and much of its base

foramen magnum

admits the spinal cord to the cranial cavity and provides a point of attachment for the dura mater.

• Has a smooth knob called the occipital condyle

occipital condyle

a smooth knob of which the skull rest on of the vertebral column

Hypoglossal canal

hypoglossal nerve (muscles of tongue)

superior nuchal line

a ride that defines the superior limit of the neck and provides attachment to the skull for several neck and back muscles

body of sphenoid bone contains:

a pair of sphenoid sinuses

• Sella turcica

The foramen rotundum and foramen ovale

sella turcica

Part of sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary

gland (hypophysis)

The foramen rotundum and foramen ovale

part of sphenoid bone that are passages for two branches of the trigeminal nerve

ethmoid bone

is an anterior cranial bone located between the eyes

3 major portions of the ethmoid bone

The vertical perpendicular plate; A horizontal cribriform plate and The labyrinth

crista galli

part of the horizontal cribriform plate of the Ethmoid bone that is an attachment point for the dura mater

cribriform(olfactory)foramina

part of the horizontal cribriform plate of the Ethmoid bone that contains olfactory nerves

labyrinth

major portion of ethmoid bone that contains a large mass on each side of the perpendicular plate

maxillae

They form the upper jaw and meet each other at a median inter maxillary suture where Alveolar processes grow into the spaces between the bases of the teeth

Infraorbital foramen

blood vessel to the face and a nerve that receives sensations from the nasal region and cheek

palate

forms the roof of the mouth and floor of the nasal cavityseparate the nasal cavity from the oral cavity (has Fleshy soft palate posteriorly

palatine processes

Bony hard palate anteriorly, extensions of the maxilla

zygomatic bones

form the angles of the cheeks at the inferolateral margins of the orbits and part of the lateral wall of each orbit; they extend about halfway to the ear

prominent zygomatic arch

that flares from each side of the skull is formed mainly by the union of the zygomatic bone, temporal bone, and maxilla

mandible

is the strongest bone of the skull and the only one that can move significantly

body

horizontal portion of mandible

ramus

the vertical to oblique posterior portion of mandible

condylar processes

bears the mandibular condyle

mandibular condyle

an oval knob that articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bonethe temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

coronoid process

part of the mandible that is the point of insertion for the temporalis muscle

vertebral column contains

cervical (7), thoracic(12), lumbar(5), Sacrum(5, fused), coccyx(4, fused)

body of vertebral column

a mass of spongy bone and red bone marrow covered with a thin shell of compact bone

vertebral foramen

collectively form the vertebral canal, a passage for the spinal cord

vertebral arch

borders vertebral canal and is composed of two parts on each side: a pillar like pedicle and platelike lamina