Industrialization, Technology & Economy

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards derived from the lecture notes covering various historical, cultural, and technological concepts.

Bessemer Process

A 19th-century method for mass-producing steel cheaply, fueling industrialization.

Screw Propeller

A rotating blade that powered steamships, improving naval transport.

Ironclad

A steam-powered warship protected with iron armor.

Jacquard System

A loom using punch cards to automate textile patterns; an early computing idea.

Analytical Engine

Charles Babbage’s proposed mechanical computer; foundation of modern computing.

Daguerreotype

An early photographic process producing a single detailed image.

Nickelodeon

Early movie theater showing short silent films.

Total War

War involving entire societies, economies, and civilian populations.

Monoculture

An economy dependent on a single crop, often risky.

Means of Production

Resources (factories, land, tools) used to produce goods.

July Crisis

Diplomatic breakdown after Archduke Franz Ferdinand’s assassination in 1914.

Blank Check

Germany’s unconditional support of Austria-Hungary before WWI.

Trench Warfare

Static, defensive fighting style used in WWI.

Chemical Warfare

Use of poison gas in WWI.

Paris Peace Conference

1919 meeting that shaped post-WWI treaties.

V-E Day

Victory in Europe Day, May 1945.

V-J Day

Victory over Japan Day, August 1945.

Yalta Conference

WWII Allied meeting planning postwar Europe.

Potsdam Conference

Final WWII Allied meeting, rising Cold War tensions.

Vichy France

Nazi-controlled French government during WWII.

First World

Capitalist, democratic nations aligned with the U.S.

Second World

Communist nations aligned with the USSR.

Third World

Non-aligned or developing nations.

Marxism-Leninism

Communist ideology adapted by Lenin emphasizing revolution.

Decolonization

Process of colonies gaining independence after WWII.

National Liberation

Anti-colonial movements seeking independence.

Dawes Plan

U.S. plan to stabilize Germany’s economy after WWI.

John Foster Dulles

U.S. Secretary of State, strong anti-communist.

Allen Dulles

CIA director, involved in Cold War covert operations.

Monroe Doctrine

U.S. warned Europe not to interfere in the Americas.

Roosevelt Corollary

U.S. claimed right to intervene in Latin America.

Dollar Diplomacy

Using economic investment to influence foreign nations.

Gunboat Diplomacy

Using military threats to influence other countries.

Good Neighbor Policy

Reduced U.S. military intervention in Latin America.

United Fruit Company

U.S. corporation dominating Latin American agriculture.

Banana Republic

Country economically controlled by foreign corporations.

Jacobo Arbenz

Guatemalan president overthrown after land reforms.

Agrarian Reform Law

Redistributed land from elites to peasants.

CRW Nevinson

Artist depicting industrialized warfare.

John Singer Sargent

Painted Gassed, showing WWI suffering.

Otto Dix

German artist exposing the horrors of war.

Paul Nash

Painted devastated WWI landscapes.

Henry Tonks

Documented facial injuries of WWI soldiers.

Wilfred Owen

WWI poet exposing war’s brutality.

Siegfried Sassoon

WWI poet critical of war propaganda.

Cubism

Art style using fragmented forms.

Dadaism

Anti-art movement rejecting logic after WWI.

Surrealism

Art exploring dreams and the unconscious.

Art Deco

Sleek, modern 1920s design style.

Jazz Age

1920s cultural period of music and social change.

Counterculture

Youth movements rejecting mainstream values.

Taiping Rebellion

Massive Chinese civil war against the Qing dynasty.

Boxer Rebellion

Anti-foreign uprising in China.

Extra-territoriality

Foreigners exempt from local laws.

Second Sino-Japanese War

War between China and Japan (1937–1945).

Sun Yat-Sen

Leader of Chinese nationalist movement.

Yuan Shikai

Chinese leader after Qing dynasty.

Empress Dowager Cixi

Conservative Qing ruler opposing reform.

Grand Tour

Educational travel by wealthy Europeans.

Orientalism

Western stereotyping of Asian cultures.

Chinoiserie

European imitation of Chinese art.

Japonisme

European influence from Japanese art.

Michelin Guides

Travel guides encouraging tourism.

Karl Baedeker

Travel guide pioneer.

Arthur Frommer

Budget travel guide author.

Ethical Consumerism

Buying based on moral values.

Boycott

Refusing to buy goods as protest.

Free Produce Movement

19th-century anti-slavery consumer movement.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Civil Rights protest against segregation.

Bourgeoisie

Capital-owning class.

Proletariat

Working class.

Karl Marx

Founder of Marxist theory.

Friedrich Engels

Marx’s collaborator.

Communist Manifesto

Text calling for worker revolution.

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Russian Revolution.

Joseph Stalin

Soviet dictator.

Franklin Roosevelt

U.S. president during Great Depression & WWII.

Harry Truman

U.S. president early Cold War.

Winston Churchill

British WWII leader.

Clement Atlee

British prime minister after WWII.

Saturnalia

Roman winter festival.

Yule

Pagan winter celebration.

Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer

20th-century Christmas character.

A Charlie Brown Christmas

1965 TV special critiquing commercialization.

How the Grinch Stole Christmas!

Story about rejecting materialism.