Worlds Together Worlds Apart - Chapter 3: Becoming "The World" (1000-1300)

3.1.1

What were some developments of growing maritime trade in the 10th century?

The development of anchorages and compasses

3.1.2

What were some new ships in the 11th century?

- Dhows, ships with lateens that used monsoon winds
- Junks, ships that could carry bulk product
- Cogs, ships with the square sail

3.1.3

How did leaders affect trade?

They provided safe passage, like for example the Song rulers of China that maintained lighthouses and standing navies

3.1.4

What were some commercial cities that formed?

Entrepôts, which served as Atlantic trade posts

3.1.5

What helped Egypt with business?

The Islamic legal system provided a favorable environment

3.1.6

What port did the Chola dynasty support in the 10th century

The port of Quilon that served as trade between China and the Red Sea

3.1.7

What was a important factor of trade in Quilon?

Personal connections

3.1.8

What was a key entrepôt east of Quilon?

Melaka, which was a rich place of Malayan produce. Traders waited here for the winds to change direction

3.1.9

What were the 3 key ports of China?

Quanzhou, Guangzhou, Shanghai

3.1.10

What was special about China's ports?

Offices would keep records of cargo, sailors, and traders

3.1.11

What festival was held at the end of the year in the Chinese ports?

The wind-calling festival, which boasted a huge banquet. Many different traders partook in this event

3.1.12

What was a religious effect of diverse trade in China?

The maintenance of religious buildings in China, like the mosque in Quanzhou

3.2.1

When did Muslims become a majority in the Abbasid Empire?

The 9th and 10th century

3.2.2

What tax did non-Muslims have to pay in the Abbasid empire?

The jizya tax

3.2.3

What climate affected the Eastern Mediterranean?

Freezing temperatures and lack of rainfall

3.2.4

What was an effect of the bad climate in the Eastern Mediterranean?

Nomadic Turkish pastoralists fled the land since harvests were failing, causing political and economical havoc

3.2.5

What culture would seem to take over the Islamic world between 950-1050?

Shiism

3.2.6

What stopped Shiism from growing powerful?

Divisions as well as Sunni Muslims (Seljuk Turks)

3.2.7

What happened to the Abbasid empire after the Sunni Muslims (Seljuk Turks) arrival?

Many places of learning were destroyed, the Sunni Muslims established new states, and famine as well as disease ensued

3.2.8

What new religion in the Islamic world began to spread?

Sufism, a mystical form of Islam

3.2.9

What were some things people did to show devotion to Sufism?

Gather with others and read the Quran, preform rituals, and write poetry

3.2.10

What did Sufi devotees become known as?

Dervishes

3.2.11

What did Sufism do to the Islamic world?

It united the Islamic world

3.2.12

What languages played key roles in the Islamic society?

Arabic was used for common speech, Persian was used for philosophy, and Turkish was used for administration

3.2.13

What was Qasim Firdawsi known for?

Showing Persian ethnic pride as well as writing the Shah Namah

3.3.1

What was a cultural effect of the Turkish diffusion into India?

The spread of Islam

3.3.2

What groups was India split into before the Turks?

Groups led by chiefs called rajas

3.3.3

How did the rajas get support from the Brahmans?

The rajas gave land grants to the Brahmans

3.3.4

How did the Brahmans succeed?

The converted the indigenous population to Hinduism and taught them to cultivate land, spreading their faith and expanding the agrarian tax base

3.3.5

How did the Ghaznavid Empire (977-1186) come to be?

Mahmud of Ghanza launched several expeditions into India

3.3.6

What did the Turks do with Indian customs?

They accepted some like the varna system, and replaced others with their own

3.3.7

What was different about the Delhi Sultanate religious-wise?

Officials didn't force people to convert to Islam

3.3.8

What were locals' reaction to the Turks invading?

The locals were used to invasions, and adopted some of the Turks' ways. The Turks did likewise with the locals

3.3.9

What did Vedic Brahmanism evolve into?

Hinduism

3.4.1

How did farming improve in China during the Song dynasty?

Farmers found metalworking and utilized water buffalo

3.4.2

What were some technological advancements during the Song dynasty?

The use of piston-driven bellows for furnaces and the development of gunpowder

3.4.3

What was an effect of inflation in China?

The usage of paper money, which became known as flying cash

3.4.4

What did Emperor Taizu do to hire capable officials?

He oversaw the final exam that a scholar needed to take to become an official

3.4.5

What did neighbor nomads to China do with newfound inventions?

The nomads tried to copy Chinese inventions and institutions

3.4.6

What led to the downfall of the Song dynasty?

The nomadic tribes winning against the Chinese forces

3.4.7

What did neighboring countries do in response to China's growth?

Neighboring countries pulled back from China in fear that their culture would be replaced

3.4.8

What internal conflict did Japan have at the time?

Powerful nobles were challenging the imperial court

3.4.9

What did new developments in Japan lead to?

Samurai warriors

3.4.10

What powerful empire displayed the greatest Indian architecture?

The Khmer Empire (889-1431)

3.4.11

What did the Khmer Empire serve as?

A political buffer between China and India

3.4.12

What were the Chinese peoples views on outsiders?

They called them barbarians and treated them like so

3.4.13

What new Chinese invention made the Song dynasty more advanced?

The movable printing press, designed by Bi Sheng

3.5.1

What was the condition of power structures in Europe?

They were centralized

3.5.2

What was manorialism?

It was a system in which the lords house and its surrounding fields served as a unit of economic power

3.5.3

What did Russia model itself after?

The Byzantine empire

3.5.4

What were members of the peasantry supposed to behave like?

They were expected to support monks and nuns, but not imitate them

3.5.5

What change happened with the church in 1200?

The church started to affect the peasantry more, like handle marriage and divorce

3.5.6

What did Francis of Assisi advocate for?

He advocated for people to feel remorse, and confess sins to priests

3.5.7

What did Thomas Aquinas strive to do?

He wanted to prove that Christianity was the only universalizing religion

3.5.8

What were the purposes of the Crusades?

To free the holy lands from Muslim rule

3.5.9

How did the Crusades affect the Islamic world?

The Crusades served no threat, as the invasions occurred far from the Islamic heartland

3.5.10

What were Muslim views on the Christians?

The Muslims were intrigued with the Christians, like how Europe offered backward medical practices

3.6.1

What new developments were happening in the savanna region of Africa?

The region was becoming more connected with Eurasia

3.6.2

What population had an edge in commerce and political organization?

The Mande

3.6.3

What did the Mande gain access to when they expanded to central Africa?

Kola nuts and malaguetta peppers which were exchanged for iron products

3.6.4

What was the Mande state replaced by?

The Mali empire

3.6.5

What was impressive about Mansa Musa's hajj?

The amount of people and gold that traveled with him was large

3.6.6

What two cities in Mali boasted being the largest in West Africa?

Jenne & Timbuktu

3.6.7

How was Timbuktu founded?

It was founded by nomads making a seasonal camp

3.6.8

Where was a logical ending point for trade routes and why?

East Africa was the end because of monsoon winds

3.6.9

How did Shona-speaking peoples grow rich?

They mined gold by Limpopo and the Zambezi Rivers

3.6.10

What was impressive about Great Zimbabwe?

Buildings had stones shaped so perfectly they didn't need to be grouted down

3.6.11

What was encouraged in the African slave trade?

It was required that owners treat their slaves with kindness, and encouraged others to free their slaves

3.6.12

What was the largest documented slave revolt in history?

The Zanj rebellion, consisting of plantation laborers

3.6.13

Where was the Chimu Empire located?

It was located in the Moche Valley

3.6.14

Why was the Chimu economy so successful?

It was commercialized via complex agriculture, utilizing innovative irrigation systems

3.6.15

What was amazing about Chan Chan, the Chimu empires' biggest city?

Chan Chan had a population of 30,000 and displayed 10 huge palaces

3.6.16

What political vacuum did the Toltecs take?

The absence of Teotihuacan

3.6.17

Who were the founders of the Toltec empire?

Refugees from the fall of Teotihuacan

3.6.18

What was the Toltec economy based upon?

Maize

3.6.19

Where was the city of Cahokia?

It was located along the Mississippi River

3.6.20

What was the Cahokians' nickname and why?

They were called "mound people" since they constructed huge mounds, or artificial hills

3.6.21

What led to the downfall of the Cahokian empire?

The soil became unfertile and food became scarce

3.7.1

Who were the Mongols?

Forest and steppe peoples that hunted and herded

3.7.2

What made Mongols have a tactical advantage?

They made unique, strong bows, and could shoot bows on horseback without needing to stop

3.7.3

How did Mongols travel such long distances?

They swapped tired horses for fresh ones, and could cover 70 miles in one day

3.7.4

How did Mongol tribes expand?

They expanded through kinship networks

3.7.5

What rights did Mongol women have?

They were allowed to own property and divorce

3.7.6

What happened to Baghdad when Hulagu invaded it to claim for the Mongols?

Many people were slaughtered at Baghdad

3.7.7

Who seized the Song dynasty for the Mongols?

Kublai Khan

3.7.8

How were the Chinese treated by the Mongols?

The Chinese were treated very well, and an example of this would be the treatment of the Dowager Empress

3.7.9

What dynasty did Kublai Khan found?

The Yuan dynasty

3.7.10

Where did the Mongols fail to invade?

Japan and Korea

3.7.11

What led to the fall of the Mongols?

Local leaders taking back control as well as the black plague