aphug unit 2 vocab

age structure

the proportion of the total population in each age group

aging population

a population in which the percentage that is age 65 and older is increasing relative to other age groups

agricultural density

ratio of number of farmers per arable land

antinatalist policies

seek to lower birth rates and strongly encourage or require that women limit their fertility

arithmetic density

the number of people per unit area of land

asylum seekers

Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

chain migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or have relationship with someone who previously migrated there

contraception

prevention of pregnancy

crude birth rate

total number of live births per 1000 people

crude death rate

total number of deaths per 1000 people

demographic factors

specific characteristics of a population that influence its structure and dynamics

demographic transition model

theory that describes how a country's population growth changes as it transitions from a non-industrial to an industrial economy

dependency ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 65 compared to the number of people active in the workforce

Epidemiological Transition Model

theory that describes the long-term changes in disease patterns and mortality within a population

fertility

ability to reproduce

forced migrations

people do not choose to leave. They are either forced to leave or have to leave for fear of death

guest worker

a foreign laborer living and working temporarily in another country

Immigration Policies

policies/regulations of a state designed to control who can move in (quotas, authorizations, refugee acceptances)

internal migration

Migration within a country

internally displaced persons (IDP)

Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border

intervening obstacles

negative circumstances or features that hinder migration

intervening opportunities

positive circumstances or features that hinder migration

life expectancy

average number of years an individual can be expected to live

Malthusian Theory

population would outpace food supply because population grows geometrically while food supply grows arithmetically

markets for goods and services

the geographical locations where producers sell their goods and services to consumers

migration

movement of people from one place to another

mortality

death

physiological density

number of people per unit of area of arable land (land suitable for agriculture)

population composition

Characteristics of population (age, sex, race)

population density

number of people in a space/area

population distribution

spacial spread of people in a space/area

population growth and decline

rising and falling in the number of people within a given area over time

population pressure

total of all factors within a population that reduce the ability of an environment to support the population

population pyramids

age sex structures

population-doubling time

number of years it takes for a population to double

pronatalist policies

government policies that encourage child birth

pull factors

positive situations, events, or conditions in a place that draws people to a new destination

push factors

negative situations, events, or conditions in a place that causes them to want to leave

rate of natural increase

% of population grows per year (natural meaning only births and deaths considered)

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

laws that note demographic patterns related to migration

refugees

people who are forced to leave because of war, political factors, environmental factors

rural-to-urban migration

the movement of people from the countryside to the city

sex ratio

number of males per 100 females in the population

slavery

process of detaining a human against their will under threat of violence

step migration

series of starts and stops can involve intervening obstacles and/or opportunities

transhumance

seasonal movement of people and their livestock (from mountains to lowlands)

transnational migrations

leave their country and enter another country maintaining connection to origin and settle in areas of similar migrants

voluntary migrations

people choose to move