Chemical Principles

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21 Terms

1

What are the three subatomic particles of an atom?

Protons, neutrons, and electrons.

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2

What indicates the atomic number of an element?

The number of protons.

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3

What are isotopes?

Atoms of the same element with different neutron numbers.

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4

What is a cation?

An atom that loses electrons and has a positive charge.

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5

What is a hydrogen bond?

A weak bond that occurs when a hydrogen atom is attracted to oxygen or nitrogen.

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6

Define synthesis reactions.

Reactions where smaller molecules combine to form larger molecules.

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7

What do acids release in solution?

H+ ions.

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8

What is the range of the pH scale?

0 to 14.

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9

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides.

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10

What is the primary function of proteins?

Structure, enzymes, transport, defense, and movement.

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11

What is ATP?

The primary energy carrier in cells.

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12

What happens when ATP is hydrolyzed?

It releases energy and converts to ADP and inorganic phosphate.

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13

What are lipids primarily known for?

Energy storage, membrane structure, and signaling.

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14

Define dehydration synthesis.

The process where monomers join by removing water.

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15

What are the types of RNA involved in protein synthesis?

mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA.

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16

What are the two categories of compounds based on carbon content?

Inorganic compounds and organic compounds.

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17

What is the significance of the pH buffer?

Helps regulate pH in organisms and lab cultures.

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18

What structure do phospholipids form in cells?

The main component of cell membranes.

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19

What is the role of functional groups in organic molecules?

They determine the chemical properties of the molecules.

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20

What type of carbohydrates are glycogen and cellulose?

Polysaccharides.

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21

What defines a simple protein?

A protein containing only amino acids.

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