Biology 224 Human Anatomy and Physiology II: The Urinary System

These flashcards cover key concepts in the Urinary System, including kidney structure, nephron functions, GFR, hormonal regulation, and urinary disorders.

What are the functions of the urinary system?

Elimination of waste products, excretion of organic waste, homeostatic regulation of blood plasma, and conserving nutrients.

What is the structure of the nephron?

The nephron consists of a renal corpuscle and renal tubule, including Bowman’s capsule, glomerulus, PCT, Loop of Henle, DCT.

What are the two types of nephrons?

Cortical nephrons, which are mostly in the cortex, and juxtamedullary nephrons, which extend deep into the renal pyramids.

What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?

The amount of filtrate produced in the kidneys each minute, about 100 ml/minute or 180 liters/day.

What factors can affect the GFR?

Changes in blood pressure and blood osmotic levels can alter the Glomerular Filtration Rate.

What is the role of aldosterone?

Aldosterone causes the absorption of sodium in the kidneys, promoting retention of water.

What is the significance of ADH in water regulation?

ADH regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys, preventing water loss by concentrating urine.

What are common urinary disorders?

Incontinence, urinary retention, urinary tract infections, kidney stones.

How does aging affect the urinary system?

Aging can lead to a decline in the number of functional nephrons and reduced sensitivity to ADH.

What is renal compensation?

The kidneys adjust rates of H+ and HCO3– secretion or reabsorption in response to changes in plasma pH.

What hormones are involved in fluid and electrolyte balance?

ADH, aldosterone, and natriuretic peptides regulate fluid and electrolyte balance.

Describe the process of urine formation.

Urine formation involves filtration of blood, reabsorption of water and solutes, and secretion of waste products.