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What pulmonary complications are seen with RA?
Pleural effusions
Rheumatoid nodules in the lungs
Osteoarthritis is known as ___
Degenerative joint disease
What is the most common form of arthritis?
Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is a Minimally inflammatory arthropathy that results in _____________ with _________ bony changes
cartilage destruction with hypertrophic bony changes
Aging, trauma, obesity, congenital hip dysplasia are all risk factors for developing ____.
OA
This disease causes ur bones to grow larger and weaker than normal. Increases risk of OA
Paget's disease
Explain the pathophysiology behind osteoarthritis
1. Increase in chondrocyte formation
2. Increase in cytokines
3. degrades cartilage (--> narrowed joint space)
4. Narrow and Reactive bone changes
Is osteoarthritis a localized problem or a systemic problem?
Localized
OA can affect virtually ______
any joint
Joints affected by OA demonstrates periarticular bony _____, _____ and _____.
-hypertrophy
-crepitus
-limited ROM
Joint stiffness occurring after long periods of sitting or inactivity (i.e. waking up in the morning)
where does this occur?
Gel phenomenon
OA
How long does the gel phenomenon last in a patient with OA in the morning?
30 minutes
(recall, RA is > 1 hour)
Morning stiffness less than 30 minutes is likely to be ___
Morning stiffness greater than 1 hour is likely to be ____
OA
RA
Changing barometric pressure (weather) may increase _____ symptoms, why?
OA
When the atmosphere and water condensation increases, it increases the pressure exerted on the body causing further compression of the joints
Bouchard's nodes affect the ___ joints
PIP
Form of osteoarthritis associate with Heberden's nodes and Bouchard's nodes
Inflammatory Osteoarthritis
Heberden's nodes affect the ___ joints
DIP
Which abnormalities would you expect to see on the hands of a patient with inflammatory OA?
Heberden's nodes and Bouchard's nodes
Inflammatory OA may mimic ____ or ___.
gout or RA
Diagnosis of OA is based on what 3 things?
1. History
2. Physical Exam
3. X-ray changes
Which condition is associated with these findings on X-ray...
Decreased joint space
Periarticular sclerosis
Bony cysts
Osteophyte formation
Osteoarthritis
What can you expect to find on the X-rays of a patient with OA?
Narrowing of the joint space
Periarticular sclerosis
Osteophyte formation
Bony cysts
What is an important modifiable risk factor for OA?
Obesity
What is the first line non-pharmacologic therapy for patients with OA?
Physical therapy
What kind of exercise regimen should you recommend to your patient with OA?
Non-weight beating exercise (i.e. swimming)
What is the role of steroids in the treatment of OA?
Localized intra-articular steroid injections are helpful
NO role for systemic steroid treatment
What is the first line of treatment for a patient who is 9/10 severe pain with OA ?
Analgesics and NSAIDs
NO percocets
What kind of NAIDS would you prescribe to a pt with OA?
-Bextra
-Celebrex
-Vioxx (no longer on market, BBW)
(cox 2 selective agents)
Synthetic medication injected into the joint line which serve to act like the normal complex sugars of the joint that have been destroyed. Treatment option for OA. Helps lubricate the joint and restore shock absorption
Visco-supplementation (Hyaluronic Acid)
Hyaluronic acid (visco supplementation) injections have been FDA approved for OA in which joint?
Knee
Progressive autoimmune inflammatory disorder causing a symmetric polyarthritis of diarthrodial (synovial) joints
Rheumatoid arthritis
This type of arthritis is considered a systemic disease and may also affect the cardiovascular, pulmonary, dermatologic, renal, ophthalmologic, gastrointestinal and peripheral neurologic systems.
Rheumatoid arthritis
Type of arthritis with constitutional symptoms such has fever, fatigue, anorexia and malaise are frequent.
RA
Prolonged morning stiffness greater than 1 hour is associated with which condition?
RA
Hyperextension of the PIP and flexion of the DIP joint. Seen in RA
Swann neck deformity
Fixed flexion deformity of the PIP seen in RA patients
Boutonniere deformity
Swann neck deformity + Boutonniere deformity + ulnar deviation of the MCP joints. Seen in late stage RA and may also be seen in SLE
Jaccoud's arthropathy
What 3 things make up Jaccoud's arthropathy?
Swann neck deformity
Boutonniere deformity
Ulnar deviation of the MCP joints
What condition is Jaccoud's arthropathy associated with?
RA
Most RA patients are ____ bw the ages of_________
RA can shorten the life span by approx ____ to ____ years
women
35-50
3 to 10
a first degree relative of an RA patient is ____ times more likely to develop the disease
4
What cardiac complications are RA patients more prone to?
Pericardial effusion
What hematologic abnormalities are common on the CBC of a patient with RA?
what happens to the infl markers? (ESR/CRP)
Thrombocytosis
Anemia
inc
Presence of high platelet counts in the blood, associated with active intravascular coagulation. May be seen in patients with RA
Thrombocytosis
What is the issue with Rheumatoid Factor (RF) in the diagnosis of RA?
RF is only present in less than 40% of patients with early RA
What are the two new antibodies associated with RA that are much more sensitive than Rheumatoid Factor (RF) and are positive in many more patients?
Anti-RA33
Anti-CCP
What is the first line therapy for RA?
NSAIDs
What is the second line therapy for RA?
Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDS)
What is the benefit of DMARDS? What is the down side of DMARDS?
Benefit is that DMARDS have the ability to slow the disease progression
Downside is they have many AE
What are the DMARDS?
Having Some Milk And Little Cookies, Damn Good
Hydroxychloroquine
Sulfasalazine
Methotrexate
Azathioprine
Leflunomide
Cyclosporine
D-penicillamine
Gold (PO, IM)
Which of the commonly used DMARDs is associated with an AE of alopecia?
Methotrexate
Which of the DMARDs is associated with the AE of hirsutism?
Cyclosporine
Which of the DMARDs can cause drug-induced SLE?
D-Penacillamine
Which of the DMARDs can cause thrombocytopenia and proteinuria?
Gold
Which drug class is the newest addition to the treatment regimen for RA?
Biologic cell modifiers
Biologic cell modifiers specifically targets _______. They have the ability to ____ the progression of the disease.
cytokines
halt or significantly slow
What is the MOA of Infliximab (Remicade)? How is this drug given?
TNF-alpha inhibition
Given as an IV infusion Q4-8 weeks
Recombinant human IgG-1 and TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody given as a self-administered SQ injection every other week
Adalimumab (Humira)
A TNF alpha receptory decoy, a twice weekly self administered SQ injection.
Enbrel
A cloned copy of naturally occurring IL-1 receptor antagonist, which competitively inhibits interleukin 1 receptor. Daily self administer SQ injection.
Kineret
Metabolic bone disorder that affects the micro-architecture, resulting in loss of bone mineral density (BMD). Causes decreased bone mass and increase fragility
Osteoporosis
What is the MC metabolic bone disease?
Post-menopausal osteoporosis
What is the precursor to osteoporosis?
osteopenia
A condition where bone mineral density is lower than normal. Increases risk of osteoporosis.
Osteopenia
What is the underlying mechanism in all cases of osteoporosis?
Imbalance between bone resorption (osteoclastic) and bone formation (osteoblastic)
In osteoporosis, the bone resorption _____ bone formation, resulting in a decreased bone density and weaker structure
exceeds
Explain how hyperparathyroidism can lead to osteoporosis
Increased PTH hormone causes the bones to release calcium into the bloodstream. This causes the bones to lose their density and harness, leading to brittle, weakened bones
-Female sex
-Caucasian/Asian
-Advanced age
-Low body weight (<127lbs)
-Cigarette smoking
-Inactivity
-Alcohol
-Low calcium intake
-Estrogen deficiency
These risk factors increase risk of?
Osteoporosis
What types of medications increase risk of osteoporosis ?
-Corticosteroids
-Heparin
-MTX
-Synthroid
What co-morbidities increase risk of osteoporosis ?
-Hyperparathyroidism
-Hyperthyroidism
Osteoporosis is known as a ____ disease, will only experience pain if a fracture occurs.
silent
A pt with osteoporosis, their physical exam is often ______.
negative
What are the most common osteoporotic fractures?
Vertebral fractures
Enzyme secreted during bone remodeling. Serum and urinary levels can help determine the relationship between osteoblast and osteoclast activity and can aid in the diagnosis of osteoporosis
Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRAP)
What does BDM testing stand for and what is it used to diagnose?
Bone Densitometry testing
Assess for osteoporosis
Who should be screened for osteoporosis with bone densitometry testing based on the National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF)?
1. Postmenopausal women under the age of 65 with one or more risk factors
2. All postmenopausal women over the age of 65
What sites are preferred for BDM testing for osteoporosis?
Central sites, such as the lumbar spine and hips
(Most likely to predict the risk of hip fracture)
Central sites are preferred for BDM but what peripheral site can be tested?
Heel and Finger
What is the most common radiologic technique used for bone densitometry testing? Why?
Central dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
-low radiation exposure
The number of SDs above or below the mean for a young, healthy population. Used to assess BDM testing results
T score
Compares the patients BDM to an age and sex matched population and can represent secondary osteoporosis
Z score
What is the normal T-score for BDM testing?
> -1.0
What T-score range is considered osteopenia?
< -1.0 and > -2.5
What T-score is considered osteoporosis?
< -2.5
What is the first line treat osteoporosis ?
1. adequate Ca2++ & Vit. D intake
2. Weight bearing activity/exercise
3. Avoid excessive amounts of alcohol
4. Avoid cigarette smoking
-Correct impaired eyesight
-Reduce environmental hazards
-If poor balance or ask abnormalities consider walker or cane to assist with ambulation
These are all recommendation to prevent?
Osteoporosis (fall prevention)
What is the recommended daily calcium intake for...
Ages 9-18
Ages 19-50
Ages 51+
9-18 = 1,300 mg/day
19-50 = 1,000 mg/day
51+ = 1,200 mg/day
(divided doses are recommended for inc. absorption)
What is the recommended vitamin D intake?
600IU-800IU QD
An abnormal Z-score after BDM testing warrants an additional workup. What can it indicate?
Secondary osteoporosis
- hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, malignancy, renal disease, medication-induced osteoporosis, osteomalacia (vit. D deficiency)
This type of treatment for osteoporosis increases bone density and reduces fracture risk. FDA approved for post-menopausal women with osteoporosis, it is better to begin early in menopause and continued indefinitely. Have an increase risk of DVT's, CAD, Stroke and breast cancer.
hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Selective estrogen receptor modulator FDA approved for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis
Raloxifene
Raloxifene is beneficial over HRT because there is no increased risk in uterine or breast cancer. However, Raloxifene does come with an increased risk of ___ and __
DVT and hot flashes
Anti-resorptive agent that is FDA approved for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Has been found to mildly increase spine BMD and decrease new fractures
Calcitonin
What is the MOA of Bisphosphonates in the treatment of osteoporosis?
Reduce osteoclastic activity/bone resorption and increase BMD over time. Reduce both vertebral and non-vertebral fractures
What are the two most widely used bisphosphonates?
fosamax
actonel
Bisphosphonates are not recommended in __
Not recommended in severe renal impairment
Bisphosphonates are usually tolerated well, however they may cause esophageal irritation, gastric ulcers and dysphagia. How should you instruct ur patient to take?
Nothing PO for 1 hour
What is the MOA of recombinant parathyroid hormone (rPTH)?
Increases bone formation by stimulating osteoblasts
Recombinant parathyroid hormone should not be given to children/adolescence, individuals with _____ or with a hx of ____.
-pagets disease
-bone cancer
Recombinant parathyroid hormone is generally well tolerated but may result in?
-nausea
-leg cramps
-dizziness