quizlet notes

Managerial Activities

Activities that include making decisions, allocating resources, and directing the activities of others to attain goals.

Organization

A coordinated social unit composed of two or more people that functions under a common goal.

Management Functions

The four primary functions of management: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.

Mintzberg's Managerial Roles

Categories of managerial roles, which include interpersonal, informational, and decisional roles.

Katz Essential Managerial Skills

Technical skills, human skills, and conceptual skills that are essential for effective management.

Organizational Behavior

A field that studies the impact individuals, groups, and structures have on behavior within organizations.

Discrimination

The noting of differences between things; unfair discrimination involves making judgments about an individual.

Surface-Level Diversity

Observable differences such as age, sex, race, and physical disabilities.

Deep-Level Diversity

Differences in values, personality, and work preferences that become significant over time.

Cognitive Dissonance

Incompatibility between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes.

Self-Perception Theory

The theory that people infer their attitudes by observing their behavior and the context in which it occurs.

Dimensions of Organizational Commitment

Affective, continuance, and normative commitment that reflect how employees connect with their organization.

Organizational Citizenship Behavior

Voluntary, extra-role behavior that contributes to organizational effectiveness.

Emotional Intelligence

The ability to understand, manage, and utilize emotions effectively in oneself and others.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

A personality assessment that classifies individuals into one of 16 personality types based on four characteristics.

Big 5 Model of Personality

A personality model that includes five dimensions: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience.

Locus of Control

The degree to which individuals believe they can control events that affect them.

Machiavellianism

A personality trait characterized by manipulativeness, cynicism, and a focus on self-interest.

Self-Monitoring

The ability to regulate behavior in response to social cues and the expectations of others.

Theory X Managers

Managers who believe employees are inherently lazy and motivated only by monetary rewards.

Theory Y Managers

Managers who believe employees are self-motivated and enjoy their work.

Equity Theory

A theory that proposes individuals assess fairness in their inputs and outcomes relative to others.

Goal Setting Theory

A theory that emphasizes the importance of setting specific and challenging goals for higher performance.

Job Design Theory

A theory that identifies key job characteristics affecting personal and work outcomes.

Reinforcement Theory

A theory that suggests behavior with positive consequences tends to be repeated, while behavior with negative consequences is less likely to be repeated.

Job Enrichment

Increasing the variety and depth of tasks performed in a job to enhance motivation.

Participative Management

A management style where subordinates share significant decision-making power with their superiors.

Telecommuting

An arrangement where employees work from home at least two days a week using technology.

Contingency Variables

Situational factors that affect the relationships between variables in organizational behavior.

Cognitive Evaluation Theory

A theory suggesting that offering extrinsic rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation.

Transformational Leadership

A leadership style that inspires positive changes in followers by motivating them to perform beyond expectations.

Motivation-Hygiene Theory

Also known as Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, it states that there are factors that lead to job satisfaction and factors that prevent dissatisfaction.

Decision-Making Process

A series of steps that managers take to make decisions, including identifying a problem, generating alternatives, and choosing an option.

Groupthink

A phenomenon where a group of people conform to a consensus decision without critical reasoning or evaluation of alternatives.

Team Dynamics

The underlying psychological and social forces that influence a team's behavior and performance.

Organizational Culture

The shared values, beliefs, and norms that shape the behavior and practices of an organization.

Change Management

A systematic approach to dealing with change, both from the perspective of an organization and the individual.

Work-Life Balance

The equilibrium between personal life and work responsibilities, aiming to achieve a healthy balance.

Conflict Resolution

The methods and processes involved in facilitating the peaceful ending of conflict and retribution.

Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up Management

Top-down management involves decisions made by executives at the top levels, whereas bottom-up management encourages input and decision-making at all levels of the organization.

SWOT Analysis

A strategic planning tool that evaluates the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats of an organization.

SMART Goals

Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound goals used in goal-setting frameworks.

Stakeholder Theory

The theory that an organization should create value for all stakeholders, not just shareholders.

Performance Appraisal

A systematic evaluation of an employee's performance and contribution to the organization.

Emotional Labor

The process of managing feelings and expressions to fulfill the emotional requirements of a job.

Transformative Leadership

A leadership style focused on inspiring and transforming both the leader and the followers to enhance motivation and morale.

Diversity Management

Strategies aimed at fostering a diverse workforce and creating an inclusive work environment.

Cross-Functional Teams

Teams composed of members from different departments working together to achieve a common goal.

Succession Planning

The process of identifying and developing new leaders to replace old leaders when they leave or retire.

Ethical Leadership

A leadership style that is directed by respect for ethical beliefs and values, and for the dignity and rights of others.

Change Resistance

The reluctance of employees to change their current status or behavior within an organization.

Organizational Structure

The systems that outline how certain activities are directed in order to achieve the goals of an organization.

Feedback Mechanism

Processes that allow for the assessment of performance and adjustments in an organization based on stakeholder responses.

Knowledge Management

The process of capturing, distributing, and effectively using knowledge within an organization.

Team Cohesion

The extent to which team members stick together and remain united in pursuing a common goal.

Sustainable Management

Management practices that take into account the long-term resources of the economy, society, and environment.

Employee Engagement

The emotional commitment an employee has to the organization and its goals, leading to positive work performance.

Cultural Competence

The ability to interact effectively with people from different cultures and socio-economic backgrounds.

Remote Work Challenges

Difficulties faced by employees working from remote locations, including communication barriers and isolation.

Employee Turnover

The rate at which employees leave an organization and are replaced by new employees.

Job Satisfaction

The level of contentment employees feel regarding their jobs and work environment.

Workplace Diversity

The inclusion of individuals from various backgrounds, including race, gender, and culture in the workforce.

Feedback Culture

An environment where employees are encouraged to give and receive constructive feedback.

Leadership Styles

Different approaches to leading a team or organization, including autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire, etc.

Organizational Learning

The process of creating, retaining, and transferring knowledge within an organization to improve performance.

Emotional Resilience

The ability to adapt to stress and adversity in the workplace.

Mentoring

A professional relationship in which an experienced individual provides guidance to a less experienced person.

Cross-Cultural Communication

The ability to communicate effectively and appropriately with individuals from different cultures.

Strategic Planning

A systematic process of envisioning a desired future and translating this vision into actionable goals.