chapter 8- muscular system notes

Muscular system

this system consists of muscles, tendons, and related \n structures throughout the body. Function of this system is to help maintain body position and produce movements of the bony framework

Skeletal muscle

type of muscle that is voluntary and allows for body movements

cardiac muscle

type of muscle that is involuntary and makes up the heart

smooth muscle

type of muscle that are involuntary and form continuous, thin layer around many organs and structures

origin

site where a tendon attaches to a stationary or near-stationary bone

insertion

site where a tendon attaches to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts

belly

the part of the muscle with the greatest mass

Atrophy

Loss of bulk in one or more muscles.

Avulsion

Condition in which a muscle tears away from a tendon or a tendon tears away from a bone

compartment syndrome

Condition in which severe injury causes bleeding \n and the fascia acts as a compartment, holding in \n accumulated blood and placing pressure on surrounding tissues

Contracture

Condition in which a muscle becomes progressively more flexed and eventually “sticks” in a nearly immovable position

Fibromyalgia

Condition associated with pain at specific trigger points in the muscles of the neck, hips, and back

Hyperextension‒hyperflexion injury

Injury that occurs when a person’s head snaps backward and then forward in response to a sudden change in speed. \n • Associated with car accidents. \n • Involves muscle strain, muscle tear, and/or \n nerve damage. \n • Also called acceleration–deceleration \n injury or whiplash

Muscle contusion

Bleeding inside a muscle due to blunt trauma; also called a bruise

Muscle spasm

Painful but temporary condition in which a muscle suddenly, severely, and involuntarily contracts. \n • Commonly called a muscle cramp. \n • Known as torticollis when it occurs in the neck

Muscle strain

Overstretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon; also called a pulled muscle

Muscular dystrophy (MD)

Group of muscle diseases caused by a mutation in the gene for the protein dystrophin. \n • Without dystrophin, muscles progressively weaken and atrophy. \n • Most common form is Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

Myalgia

Myalgia Pain in a muscle due to injury or muscle disease. \n • General category with many causes. \n • Polymyalgia is pain in several muscle groups

Myopathy

General category that includes many different muscle diseases.

Myasthenia gravis

Autoimmune disorder in which the body produces antibodies against acetylcholine receptors on the muscle fibers. \n • Destruction of receptors causes abnormal, rapid muscle fatigue. \n • Weakness worsens during the day but is relieved by rest.

Myositis

Inflammation of a muscle with localized swelling or tenderness; caused by injury, strain, or disease. \n • Polymyositis involves widespread inflammation with weakness and fatigue

Repetitive strain injury (RSI)

Injury to muscles, tendons, and/or nerves resulting from repetitive movements over an extended period of time; also called cumulative trauma disorder

Rhabdomyoma

A benign tumor of the muscle. This tumor contains immature rod-shaped cells in themuscle

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Cancerous tumor of the muscle; usually found in children and young adults

Rotator cuff tear

A tear in the rotator muscles of the shoulder that surround the humerus; usually occurs from trauma or repetitive overuse

flexion

bending a joint to decrease the angle between two bones or body parts.

extension

straightening or extending a joint to increase the angle between two bones or body parts

abduction

moving a body part away from the midline of the body

Adduction

moving a body part toward the midline of the body

Supination

turning the palm of the hand upward, such that the hand is “lying on its back.

Pronation

turning the palm of the hand downward

eversion

turning a body part outward and to the side

inversion

turning a body part inward

rotation

moving a body part around its axis

ataxia

Incoordination of the muscles during movement, especially when walking

bradykinesia

Abnormally slow muscle movements or a decrease in the number of spontaneous movements; usually associated with Parkinson disease.

Dyskinesia

Abnormal motions that occur because of difficulty controlling the voluntary muscles; may include tics, spasms, jerking, or slow writhing of the hands.

Hyperkinesis

abnormally increased amount of muscle movements

restless leg syndrome

Uncomfortable restlessness and twitching of the leg muscles along with tingling, aching, or crawling-insect \n sensations; usually occurs at night

tremor

Small, involuntary, back-and-forth movements of the hands, head, jaw, or extremities that are continuous and \n cannot be controlled.

tendon

connective tissue that attaches muscle to a bone

fascia

connective tissue that wraps each muscle and merges into its tendon

Bursitis

Inflammation of the bursal sac due to repetitive muscle contractions or pressure on the bone underneath the bursa.

Dupuytren contracture

Progressive disease in which thickening and shortening of the fascia in the palm causes a contracture and flexion deformity of the finger.

Epicondylitis

Inflammation of muscles and tendons that originate on the bone protrusion on either side of the distal humerus. \n • lateral epicondylitis is also called tennis elbow. \n • medial epicondylitis is also called golfer’s elbow or pitcher’s elbow

Fasciitis

Inflammation of the fascia around a muscle; frequently affects the bottom of the foot (plantar fasciitis)

Ganglion

Semisolid or fluid-containing cyst that grows on a tendon; appears as a rounded lump that may or may not be painful

Shin splints

Pain and inflammation of the tendons and flexor \n muscles over the shin bone due to overuse

Tendinitis

Inflammation of any tendon due to injury or overuse

Acetylcholine receptor antibody test

Test that detects antibodies that the body produces against its own acetylcholine receptors; used to diagnose myasthenia gravis

Electromyography (EMG)

Procedure in which a needle electrode is inserted into a muscle to record the electrical activity of the muscle as it contracts and relaxes; used to diagnose muscle or nerve \n disease.

brace

Orthopedic device that supports and straightens a body part while still permitting movement; also called an orthosis

Adaptive or assistive device

Device that increases mobility and independence by helping the patient perform activities of daily living (ADLs)

Deep tendon reflexes

Procedure that tests whether the muscular–nervous pathway is functioning normally. \n • Most commonly performed at the knee. \n • Tapping briskly on the tendon should cause involuntary contraction of the muscle. \n • Also known as the knee-jerk test or patellar reflex test.

Muscle strength test

Procedure in which the physician presses against some part of a patient’s body and asks the patient to move that part; muscle strength is rated on a scale of 0 to 5

Rehabilitation (rehab) exercises

Exercises included in a physical therapy rehabilitation plan to help increase muscle strength and improve coordination and balance. \n • In active exercise, the patient moves without help. \n • In passive exercise, a therapist or nurse performs range of motion (ROM) exercises for a patient who is unable to do the movements.

RICE treatment for minor injuries

Standard advice for treating muscle sprains and soft tissue injuries to prevent further injury and swelling. \n • R = rest \n • I = ice \n • C = compression bandage \n • E = elevate

Trigger point injections

Procedure to treat fibromyalgia in which a local anesthetic and a corticosteroid are injected into a patient’s trigger \n points to decrease pain and inflammation

Analgesics

Treat muscle pain; may be over-the-counter or prescription, depending on pain length and severity

Beta-blockers

Help relieve tremors by blocking the action of epinephrine

Corticosteroids

Decrease severe inflammation; given orally or injected into the muscle or fascia

Dopamine stimulants

Treat restless legs syndrome by stimulating dopamine receptors

Drugs for fibromyalgia

Include medications to relieve pain, relax muscles, and affect calcium channels in skeletal muscle

Drugs for myasthenia gravis

Work by inhibiting the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine; this allows the acetylcholine to continue stimulating remaining muscle receptors

Muscle Relaxants

Relieve muscle spasm and stiffness; used to treat muscle injuries and neurologic diseases such as multiple sclerosis and cerebral palsy

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Decrease mild-to-moderate inflammation and pain; used to treat minor injuries, muscle strains, tendinitis, bursitis, and muscle overuse

Fasciectomy

Procedure to partially or totally remove the fascia; used to treat Dupuytren contracture

Fasciotomy

Procedure to cut the fascia and release pressure from built-up blood and tissue in a patient with compartment syndrome

Ganglionectomy

Procedure to remove a ganglion from a tendon

Muscle biopsy

Procedure to diagnose potential causes of muscle weakness; involves removing a small amount of muscle tissue via incision or needle aspiration and sending it for microscopic \n analysis

Myorrhaphy

Procedure to suture together a torn muscle after an injury

Tenorrhaphy

Procedure to suture together a torn tendon after an injury

ADA

Americans with Disabilities Act

ADLs

activities of daily living

CPK-MM

creatine phophokinase- MM

DTRs

deep tendon reflexes

EMG

electromyogram; electromyography

IM

intramuscular

LLE

left lower extremity

LUE

left upper extremity

MD

muscular dystrophy

NSAID

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

ortho

orthopedics

OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

OT

occupational therapist; occupational therapy

PM&R

physical medicine and rehabilitation

PT

physical therapist; physical therapy

rehab

rehabilitation (short form)

RICE

rest, ice, compression, and elevation

RLE

right lower extremity

ROM

range of motion

RSI

repititive strain injury

RUE

right upper extremity