Chapter 9 - Transformations in European Culture: 1500-1800

Louis XIV

King of France and the most successful of the absolute monarchs

Hippocrates

Father of Medicine

Euclid

Father of Geometry

Roger Bacon

Optics and astronomy

Oliver Cromwell

established the Protectorate and led Parliament (English government)’s forces during the English Civil War

Glorious Revolution

William and his wife Mary became king and queen WITHOUT war, although James was already king.

Eratosthenes

found out the circumference of the earth and the first person to determine the lines of latitude and longitude

Copernicus

discovered that the Earth revolves around the sun

Edward Jenner

created the Smallpox vaccination

Antoine Lavoisier

Father of Modern Chemistry

Rationalism

“REASON is the source of knowledge.”

Secularism

demands that religion be excluded

Empiricism

“EXPERIENCE is the source of knowledge.”

Robert Boyle

Christian chemist and wrote The Skeptical Chemist

Paracelsus

said that the body is made of chemicals

Andreas Vesalius

started human anatomy by dissecting human bodies

Edmond Halley

predicted orbits of comets and a famous comet is named after him

Sir William Herschel

built a large, 40 foot long telescope, and discovered Uranus

Catherine the Great

Ruler of Russia who developed a strong monarchy

John Locke

insisted that OBSERVATION, not human reason, is the source of truth

William Harvey

studied the human circulatory system

Spinoza

doubted anything in Scripture that we thought was contrary to reason.

Charles I

Just like his father, he asserted the divine right of kings and struggled to defeat Parliament’s effort to deny him absolute power.

James II

King of England, who strongly supported the Roman Catholic Church. The people put up with him because he was old. But, when he had a son, the people were afraid the son would continue to let the Roman Church rule, so the people invited William and Mary to take the throne and dismissed him.

English Civil War

Charles I entered the House of Common with several hundred soldiers and tried to arrest anyone who was against him. The people had already escaped, but this moved cause both King Charles I and Parliament (English government), to hire soldiers and prepare for battle.

cabinet

a system of government that gradually answered less to the king and more to Parliament (English government)

What nation built an economic empire without a centralized monarchy?

Republic of the United Provinces (the Dutch)

What event resulted in the Revolution of 1688 in England?

the birth of a son to James II

How did the cabinet system of government benefit the English people?

This system increased the power of Parliament and made the government more accountable to the people.

How did the English Bill of Rights influence the American colonies?

The English document stopped the suspension of laws by the king, stopped a standing army and the illegal quartering of soldiers, and protected the right to bear arms. All of these were echoed in foundational American documents.

Age of Reason

a period during the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe when men leaned about many things by studying the world around them.

Albert the Great

a Dominican friar, played an important role in introducing documents to medieval universities

Galileo Galilei

used the newly invited telescope for his observations and confirmed that the earth orbits around the sun.

Sir Isaac Newton

discovered the laws of gravity and motion

vaccine

a weakened form of a disease to help your body build a defense against the disease

Laws of gravity and motion

(1) Every object moves in a straight line unless acted upon by a force.

(2) The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force exerted and inversely proportional to the object's mass.

(3) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Boyle’s Law

1. a law stating that the pressure of a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a constant temperature.

What early example of pressing creation toward the ideal is found in Genesis 4 (the Creation Mandate)?

Tubalcain’s with with brass and iron

What did Hippocrates reject?

the notion that disease was a punishment by the gods

Why did the theory of a sun-centered solar system create such alarm?

It appeared to contradict the Bible and threatened man’s position as the center of the universe

Enlightenment

shows how the philosophers and scientists of this period viewed the pervious eras.

What did Descartes conclude about the philosophy he had studied as a student?

He found it as weak as a structure built on sand.

According to Descartes, what leads to certainty?

mathmatics

What did John Locke reject in favor of epiricism?

rationalism

What did Sponoza argue for?

the toleration of all ideas

Why were Christians suspicious of secular pleas for government that was not influenced by religion?

They secularists rejected Scripture as a biblical basis for morality, and Christians feared that a secular government would be unjust and evil.

What was the long-term effect on a nation ruled by an absolute monarch?

1. loss of individual freedom

2. limited economic opportunities

3. national decline

How did Parliament respond to threats of arrest by Charles I?

they raised an army to defend against his forces

How did Edward Jenner’s observations and experiments result in the saving of many lives?

He developed a vaccine for smallpox and virtually eliminated this deadly disease

How did men use science to challenge the authority of Scripture?

They rejected the Bible as the source of truth and concluded that human reason alone could reveal truth.

How did Descartes’s approach to truth differ from that of the previous thousand years?

He didn’t trust any path to truth except human reason. He believed mathematics also lead to certainty.

According to John Locke, how is truth discovered?

through careful observationof the world

• Why should the ideas of a nation not be regulated, according to Enlightenment reasoning?

because all people have the same reasoning capacity

Why did Enlightenment thought threaten the dominant place of Christianity in Europe?

People who liked the Enlightenment reasoning, questioned the reality of miracles and claimed to explain events of miracles and claimed to explain events that had long been considered supernatural in natural terms. They also considered the Bible’s claims about God to be unreasonable. The people who promoted the Enlightenment did not support God’s Word.

English Bill of Rights

limited the king’s power

How did American colonies follow the example of the Glorious Revolution?

They resisted the English king’s abuse of power

Louis XIV was very successful and had unlimited power, but what about his people?

The cost of his kingdom was great and the people suffered because of it.

The Reformation

continued an interest in learning about the world

monarchy

a form of government where the leader is a leader until they die

Charles II

Became the next ruler after Cromwell’s death

What King did other monarchs in Europe model after because he had absolute power and they wanted that too?

Louis XIV

Hippocratic Oath

the name of the oath in which many modern doctors pledge to help people and ”never do harm.”

Mother Theresa

Ruler of Austria

Which country developed a large economic empire without a monarchy?

The Dutch Republic / The Netherlands