Chemistry - Module 1: Carbon Compounds

type of reaction: alkane + oxygen

combustion

product of reaction: alkane + oxygen

carbon dioxide + water

explain cracking

Process of breaking down large hydrocarbons into smaller and more useful molecules. This is done through heat, pressure, and catalysts.

conditions of thermal cracking

high temperatures (450-750°C) and pressures (up to 70 atm)

conditions of catalytic cracking

zeolites (complex aluminosilicates of the form Al2O5Si \n associated with positive ions) along with lower temperatures (\~500°C) and moderately \n low pressures

product of: alkene + halogen

dihaloalkane

reaction mechanism of: alkene + halogen

electrophilic addition

conditions of: alkene + halogen

organic solvent(CCl4)

type of reaction of: alkene + halogen

addition reaction

product of: alkene + aqueous halogen

haloalkane +acid halide

type of reaction: alkene + aqueous halogen

addition

reaction mechanism of: alkene + aqueous halogen

electrophilic addition

product of: alkene + Cold H+/KMnO4

diol, alcohol

reaction mechanism of: alkene + Cold H+/KMnO4

electrophilic addition

type of reaction: alkene + Cold H+/KMnO4

redox, partial oxidation

product of: alkene + Hot H+/KMnO4

carbonyl → ketone, carbonyl → aldehyde → carboxylic acid, carbonyl → methanal → carbon dioxide + water

product of: alkene + conc H2SO4

alkyl hydrogensulfate → alcohol

type of reaction: alkene + conc H2SO4

hydration

conditions of reaction: alkene + conc H2SO4

heat + water

product of alkene + hydrogen

alkane

conditions of: alkene + hydrogen

150C and catalyst like palladium (Pd-C), platinum (PtO2) or nickel (Ra-Ni

type of: alkene + hydrogen

hydrogenation

products of oxidation of primary alcohols w/ oxidizing agents

Hot H+/KMnO4: carboxylic acid

Cold H+/KMnO4: aldehydes

Hot H+/K2Cr2O7 in reflux: carboxylic acid

products of oxidation of secondary alcohols w/ oxidizing agents

Hot H+/KMnO4: ketone

Cold H+/KMnO4: ketone

Hot H+/K2Cr2O7 in reflux: ketone

product of: alcohol + carboxylic acid

ester

conditions of: alcohol + carboxylic acid

heated under reflux, conc H2SO4,

type of reaction: alcohol + carboxylic acid

esterification

product of: alcohol + conc H2SO4

alkene + water

type of reaction: alcohol + conc H2SO4

dehydration

conditions of: alcohol + conc H2SO4

180C

components of iodoform test

iodine (I2) and NaOH

positive test observation of iodoform

pale yellow precipitate

state steps of iodoform reaction

Step 1: Formation of NaIO by reaction between I2 and NaOH.

Step 2: (If the sample is an alcohol) Oxidation of the alcohol by NaIO to form a carbonyl compound.

Step 3: Substitution of the hydrogen atoms of the methyl group with iodine atoms.

Step 4: Cleavage of the carbon-carbon bond to release triiodomethane (iodoform) from the rest of the molecule by hydroxide ions.

what does iodoform test for?

methyl ketones and methylene groups, (-CH3)

product of hydrolysis of: haloalkanes

alcohol and the hydrogen halide

condition of alkaline hydrolysis of: haloalkanes

NaOH

product of: carbonyl + With NaCN(aq)/H+(aq)

hydroxynitrile, otherwise known as cyanohydrins.

mechanism of: carbonyl + With NaCN(aq)/H+(aq)

nucleophilic addition

product of carbonyl + LiAlH4

Aldehydes are reduced to primary alcohols while ketones are reduced to secondary alcohols

conditions of carbonyl + LiAlH4

carefully dried ethoxyethane (diethyl ether), acid

product of carbonyl + NaBrH4

Aldehydes → primary alcohols

ketones → secondary alcohols

state observation of Brady’s Reagent (2,4-DNP)

aldehyde, ketone: red/orange ppt

state observation of Tollen’s Reagent

aldehyde: silver mirror formed

state observation of Fehling’s Solution

aldehyde: red ppt

ketone: remains blue

state observation of carbonyl + dilute H+/MnO4

aldehyde: purple to colourless

ketone: remains purple

product of carboxylic acid + NaOH

alkanoate/carboxylate salt and water

type of reaction of carboxylic acid + NaOH

neutralization

product of carboxylic acid + NaHCO3

alkanoate/carboxylate salt, water, carbon dioxide

products of hydrolysis of esters

alkaline: carboxylate salt + alcohol

acid: carboxylic acid + alcohol

product of amine + dilute acid

amine salt

mechanism of benzene reactions

electrophilic subsititution

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phenol

benzonitrile

benzoic acid

product of benzene + halogen

aryl halide or haloarene

type of reaction of benzene + halogen

halogenation

conditions of benzene + halogen

Fe3+ or Al3+ catalyst

methylbenzene or toluene

conditions of nitration of benzene

Conc. H2SO4, Conc. HNO3, 50C

explain the mechanism of nitration of benzene

conditions for reduction of nitrobezene

Sn, conc HCl, reflux

product of phenol + acyl halide

organic ester, inorganic acid

product of bromination of phenol

aryl halide

product of phenol + NaOH

sodium phenoxide ion + water

products of Diazotization

benzene diazonium chloride, sodium chloride and water

reagents/conditions of Diazotization

0-5C,NaNO2/HCl

product of Coupling w/ Diazonium Salt

azo compound +HCl

conditions of Coupling w/ Diazonium Salt

alkaline medium

uses of azo compounds

dyes or as intermediates in organic synthesis

which is stronger reducing agent: LiAlH3, NaBrH4

LIAlH3 stronger than NaBrH4

Differentiate between electrophilic substitution and nucleophilic substitution.

nucleophilic substitution: nucleophiles like OH-, CN- attracted to positively charged Carbon atom; occurs in haloalkanes

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electrophilic substitution: electrophiles like NO2+ substitute Hydrogen in a benzene ring

Differentiate between electrophilic addition and nucleophilic addition.

nucleophilic addition: nucleophiles added to the positively charged Carbon in a carbonyl compound

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electrophilic addition: electrophiles added across the electron rich pi bond of alkenes