PT1: World History Imperialism Unit

Imperialism

The takeover of a country or territory by a stronger nation with the intent of domination the political, economic, and social life of the people of that nation.

Racism

The idea that one race is superior to others.

Social Darwinism

Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" were applied to the social change.

Berlin Conference 1884-1885

14 European nations met to lay down rules for the division of Africa.

Boer

Dutch settlers that gradually took over native Africans' land and established large farms.

What was true of indirect control?

It had limited self-rule.

What did indirect control and direct control have in common?

They both based government institutions on the European stystem.

What was the main cause of inadequate food supplies in Africa during European colonization?

Europeans insisted on the growth of cash crops, such as cotton.

Assimilation

Based on the idea that in time, the local populations would become absorbed into European culture.

What are three positive aspects of Imperialism?

1. Colonialism reduced local warfare.

2. Improved sanitation and brought hospitals and schools.

3. Life spans increased.

What are three negative results of Imperialism?

1. Africans lost control of their land and their independence.

2. Many died of new diseases such as smallpox.

3. Famines resulted from the change to cash crops in place of subsistence agriculture.

Why was India called the "jewel in the crown"?

It was the most valuable of all the British colonies.

What happened as a result of the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885?

Europeans divided Africa into colonies without consulting African leaders.

Why did Western nations desire lands in the Asia?

Because of their natural resources and strategic location.

What was the leading power in India before the Sepoy Mutiny?

East India Company.

What was a Sepoy?

An Indian soldier.

Who did the Sepoys work for?

The East India Company and British officers.

India served two main purposes for the British, what were they?

To produce raw materials and buy British finished goods.

What are four types of plantation crops were grown and shipped in India?

Tea, indigo, coffee and opium

How is the location of India a great advantage for trade?

It's very coastal.

What are some positive impacts British colonialism had on India?

A modern road network, telephone and telegraph lines, dams, bridges, and irrigation canals, literacy increased, schools and colleges were founded, sanitation and public health improved.

What are three negative impacts of British colonialism on India?

1. Britain held much of the political and economic power.

2. British restricted Indian-owned industries.

3. Cash crops reduced food supplies.

What were the rifle cartridges filled with that upset the Sepoys?

Beef and pork fat.

What was the main cause of the Sepoy Mutiny?

They Sepoys refused to accept the cartridges and rebelled.

After the Sepoy Mutiny what country took direct command of India?

British government.

The part of India that was under direct control of Britain was called the...?

Raj.

This person began a campaign to move India away form traditional practices and ideas. He was also called the "Father of Modern India."

Ram Mohun Roy.

What Nationalist group was founded in 1885?

Indian National Congress.

What Nationalist group was founded in 1906 in response to the creation of the Indian National Congress

Muslim League.

What are the main two religions of India?

Muslim and Hindu.

The opening of this canal increased the demand for tin and rubber.

Suez Canal.

Why did Leopold turn over the Congo to the Belgian government and what happened?

due to international outrage, and wealth from the mines went to Europe, not Africans.

What did Europeans do to Africa within 20 years?

conquest all of Africa with the exception of Liberia and Ethiopia

What are the main factors that kept Europeans out of the interior of the areas they eventually imperialized?

resistance, geography and disease

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, a fight in China in 1900, where a group called the "Boxers" tried to get rid of foreigners. Other countries stopped them, and China had to follow new rules.

Causes/effect of Imperialism

Nationalism, competition, industrialism, missionary spirit, racism

Colonization, exploitation, Christianization, modernization

Colony

a land controlled by another country, often with settlers from that country living there.

Geopolitics

An interest in or taking of land for its strategic location or products

Jewel in the Crown (of the British Empire)

the British colony of India--- so called because of its importance in the British empire, both as a supplier of raw materials and as a market for British trade goods

How did the Europeans use social darwinism ti justify empire building?

Europeans thought they were better because they were wealthier and more successful than others so they thought it was their job to bring this success to weaker less developed people.

How did imperialism contribute to unity and the growth of Nationalism in India?

an increase in nationalism and rivalry built stronger militaries and led to alliances.

How did colonial rule cause a breakdown in traditional African culture?

Colonial rule divided African cultures with artificial borders, causing a loss of unity and traditional culture.

Protectorate

Country with its own government but under the control of an outside power

Shpere of influence

an area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges

Why did Britain want control of the Suez Canal?

It was considered a "lifeline" for the British to have quicker access to colonies in Asia and Africa, extend its influence and gain control of the African Continent.

Opium War

The Opium War was fought between Britain and China over China's ban on opium. Britain won and made China sign the Treaty of Nanking.

Treaty of Nanjing

• ended the Opium War.

• Gave Western nations control over trade and land in China.

• Created five treaty ports, including Hong Kong, where Westerners lived under their own laws.

Famine

a severe shortage of food (as through crop failure) resulting in violent hunger and starvation and death, also as a result of the planting of cash-crops rather than food.

Gunboat Diplomacy

using or threatening military force to force a government into agreements. The British used it often against China.

Qing Empire

1644 - 1912 China

Why did the Chinese have little interest in trading with the West?

They were completely self sufficient and had all the raw materials they needed already.

Cecil Rhodes

British entrepreneur who expanded the British Empire in Africa. He founded De Beers Diamond Corporation and had two colonies named after him: Zimbabwe and Zambia.

John Bull

A figure who stands for England in political satire and political cartoons. He is a stout, feisty man, often shown in a suit made out of the British flag.

Partition

(n.) something that divides (such as a wall); the act of dividing something into parts or sections; (v.) to divide or subdivide into parts or shares

Scramble for Africa

a rush by European powers in the 1880s-1890s to claim African land. Britain took most of eastern Africa, while France controlled much of northwestern Africa. Other countries like Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain took smaller territories.

Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa

White Man's Burden

A poem by British poet Rudyard Kipling commenting on American imperialism. It created a phrase used by imperialists to justify the imperialistic actions.

The Black Man's Burden

response to white man's burden which talked about the mistreatment of the Africans

Legacy of Imperialism

-new crops,

-migration and labor from Europeans around the world,

-colonial conflict of imperial power vs native people

Mughal Empire

Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Maratha Empire

This Confederacy was a South Asian imperial power that existed from 1674 to 1818. An excellent example of yet another rebellion against imperial power (the Mughals) in this time period

Caste System

a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society

Sati

The Indian custom of a widow voluntarily throwing herself on the funeral pyre of her husband.

Nationalism

Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality or ethnicity

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Treaty ports

cities opened to foreign residents through forced treaties, where foreigners were not subject to local laws.

Hong Kong

A British colony in China, received after the first Opium War and returned to China in 1997 now a city of 7 million facing increased control by Mainland China.

Taiping Rebellion

a mid-19th century rebellion against the Qing Dynasty in China, led by Hong Xiuquan

Direct Control

when the imperial power fully controls a colony's government and appoints its own officials.

Boer War

Lasting from 1899 to 1902, Dutch colonists and the British competed for control of territory in South Africa.

Blood Diamonds

diamonds mined in war zones with profits used to fund a revolution or rebellion

palm oil

A West African tropical product often used to make soap; the British encouraged its cultivation as an alternative to the slave trade. Commonly used today in a very wide range of products

Causes of Imperialism

Demand for raw resources

European nationalism

Need for more land and markets

Superior weapons and technology

Spread of religion and culture

Belief in Social Darwinism

Desire for a global empire

Effects of Imperialism

Increased use of cash crops, wars between natives and Europeans, and building up the infrastructure.

5100 miles

distance saved by using the Suez Canal instead of rounding Africa

Triangular Trade

A system in which goods and slaves were traded among the Americas, Britain, and Africa

Apartheid

Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.

Ottoman Empire

Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa.

Raj

British rule after India came under the British crown during the reign of Queen Victoria

2047

The year the Chinese government can officially assimilate Hong Kong into the mainland