MUS-115 Music in Culture Final

Idiophone

"own voice". stamped, rattled, struck, scraped, etc

Aerophone

creates sound with air

trumpets, pipes, singing

Membranophone

has a head that is hit

Drums

Chordophone

creates sound with strings

Guitars, piano, harp, etc

Electrophone

makes sound using electricity

Electric guitar, theremin

Ben Franklin

famous for glass harmonica

Soundscape

all sounds heard in a particular place at a particular time

Soundmark

Individual discrete sounds within the soundscape

Setting

physical location of the soundscape

John Cage

Avant garde composer who composed 4'33"

4'33"

piece created by John Cage consisting of silence, intending to capture the soundscape

Native American Flute

primary wind instrument of Native American culture

Provenance

origin of a person, place, or thing. who, where, what, when

Culture

collection of beliefs

Arts, crafts, skills, idea, customs, practices, music

Ethnography

written description of culture

Pentatonic

scale of 5 pitches, used in many genres such as Native American flute

Kokopelli

fertility deity of Native American cultures, representing the spirit of music

Trail of Tears

ethnic cleansing of Native Americans, known as Indian Removal Act

Cultural purposes of Native American flute

Courting, stories, passing of seasons, ceremonials, beliefs, social

Santa Lucia

Neapolitan song with unknown composer from Naples, Italy in 1849

Music

organized sound that is meaningful

4 Elements of Music

Quality, intensity, pitch, duration

Quality

distinctive sound. Materials used, overtone series, sine wave, white noise, etc

Intensity

loudness or softness, measured in decibels.

Pitch

highness or lowness of a sound. Measured in frequency.

Duration

grouped pulses that create meter. Rhythm and tempo

Solfege

assigns a syllable to each pitch

Duple meter

2/2 or 4/4 time

What do Taylor Swift, Johnny Cash, and K-Pop have in common?

Duple meter, melody plus, strophic

ASDR

Attack, sustain, decay, release

Attack

initial sound

Sustain

length of a sound

Decay

decrease of amplitude

Release

when the sound ends

Elvis Presley

American singer, recorded a cover of Santa Lucia

Materials of Music

texture and form

Texture

vertical component, sounds that occur together

Monophony and melody plus

Monophony

single voice/instrument, acapella

Melody Plus

accompanied instruments or vocals

Form

horizontal structure of music. Many types, such as strophic

Strophic Form

distinct sections that repeat

Indian Music

Carnatic and Hindustani. Based on ragas and melodic forms. Diverged in 12th century, distinct by 17/18th century

Carnatic

southern Indian music with vocals, ensemble and tambura

Hindustrani

northern Indian music, typically instrumental with sitars and tablas

Bollywood

Indian film industry centered in Mumbai, largest in the world

Krishna

God of protection and love. Typically male but sometimes androgynous.

Madras Music Season

festival in Chennai for Carnatic music

Lord Ganesh

elephant head God

Ganesh Festival

festival in Mumbai for Hindustani music

Sitar

chordophone played in Hindu music with 4 plucked strings, 2 drone strings, and unplayed sympathetic strings.

Ravi Shankar

famous for Hindu music, the sitar, and his daughter Anoushka, Panit

Anouska

Ravi Shankar's father

George Harrison

student of Ravi Shankar

Tablas

played with sitars commonly

Sitar in Western Culture

in the 1960s. Beatles Norweigian Wood and Rolling Stones Paint it Black

Folk Music attributes

Oral tradition, simple, rural provenance, non professionals, low SES, characteristic of a nation, functional, calendric, ballads

Folk Music composition

Unknown origin, altered in transmission, adapted

Art Music

listened for art's sake

Pop Music

urban provenance, professional, relies on mass media

Stephen Foster

Father of American music, wrote Hard Times Come Again No More and Oh Susanna

Hard Times Come Again No More

folk song of American provenance written in 1854. expression of hardship. Composed by Stephen Collins Foster

Folk Music post 1960

any acoustic music, has a story, cross over term

Folk Music post Bob Dylan

tied to protest, politics, and social issues

Folk Music pre Bob Dylan

less political and social

Wildwood Flower

song by Carter Family

I Walk the Line

song by Johnny Cash

Bob Dylan

famous folk artist and major pop figure. Known for Knockin' on Heaven's Door

Woody Guthrie

folk artist known for This Land is Your Land

Swing Low Sweet Chariot

African American spiritual with unknown origin. Attributed with Wallace Willis in 1876. pentatonic, strophic, call and response, religious.

African American migration

1619 the first slave ship, the White Lion. By 19th century, slave songs and spirituals emerge

Fisk Jubilee Singers

formed in Tennessee in 1871

White Lion

first slave ship in 1619

Louis Armstrong

most influential in Jazz

Mardi Gras

important festival in New Orleans

Black Spirituals attributes

religious, oral transmittion, melancholic, work/slavery/religion, very strophic, pentatonics, call and response

Spiritual

musical expression of slaves converted to New World Christianity

Siyahamba

"We Are Marching" anti-apartheid movement. South African with Zulu provenance. 20th century.

Cha Cha Cha

Cuban, medium tempo, Son clave 3:2, GUIRO, slower version of Mambo, occasional piano montuno

Mambo

Cuban, son clave 3:2 or 2:3, only cuban instruments, strong call and responses, piano montuno, faster version of Chachacha

Haitian Voodoo Princess

meaning of Mambo

Calypso

strong tropical feel, no son clave, no montuno, Brake drums and steel drums, Jamaican

Bossa Nova

slowest, Brazilian, vocals primary, light tropical feel, guitar, romantic

new thing

definition of Bossa Nova

Is it slow, soft, and very present vocal and guitar?

prob a Bossa Nova

Does it have clear call and response with lead vocals and horns?

prob a Mambo

Does it have very clear call and response but has a tropical feel?

prob a Calypso

Is it medium tempo, minimal call and response, occasional piano montuno, sounds like a slower Mambo?

prob a Cha Cha Cha

No present vocals and weak call and repsonse?

prob a Cha Cha Cha

Is it fast and high energy but lacks tropical feel?

prob a Mambo

Guiro

scrapey instrument ONLY in Cha Cha Cha

Tito Puente

born in NYC with Cuban ancestry, composed Oye Como Va. known for timbales

Oye Como Va translation

listen to my rhythym

Oye Como Va

Cuban American song by Tito Puente, Chachacha with 3:2 son clave.

The Girl from Ipanema

Brazilian song by Antonio Carlos Jobim, famous from Frank Sinatra, two bar brazillian. Bossa nova. a real girl!

Antonio Carlos Jobim

father of Bossa Nova

Frank Sinatra

ol blue eyes

Dejame Sonar

Mambo song by Tito Puente

Besame Mucho

kiss me a lot, Bossa Nova song by Consuelo Velazquez

Latin Jazz Provenance

common history with American Jazz, born of 18th century slavery, roots in African/European music

Unifying Factors for all Latin Jazz

dance music, polyrhythm from African music, rhythmic cells, groove, oral transmission