Kemege Exam 3

Water moves from…

high water potential to low water potential.

What is water potential?

The potential energy of water

What is the first step of the journey of water?

Water goes from soil to root cells

The increasing concentration of solutes in root cells creates something known as..

low water potential.

Water moves from (….) to (….) cells.

Water, root cells

In the second step of water’s journey, water moves from…

the roots to the stem.

What draws water up the xylem?

Cohesion and adhesion

In the third step of water’s journey, water moves from…

the stem to the leaves.

Transpiration causes…

negative water potential in the leaves.

Water moves from the xylem and into…

the leaves.

Photosynthesis produces what is known as…

photosynthates.

What is an example of a photosynthate?

Sucrose

What is a source?

Something that produces photosynthates

What is an example of a source?

Leaves

What are sinks?

What photosynthates are transported to

What are some examples of sinks?

• Roots

• Young shoots

• Developing seeds

Sink transportation can be…

up and down

What is translocation?

The journey of photosynthates.

What happens during the first step of translocation?

Sugars move from sources to phloem by active transport.

The first step of translocation…

costs energy.

What happens during the second step of translocation?

Osmosis causes water to move from nearby xylem to phloem.

The second step of translocation…

increases the water potential of phloem.

What happens during the third step of translocation?

Phloem contents move to sinks

What has lower water potential than phloem?

Sinks

Animals are…

heterotrophs!

What are the different types of heterotrophs?

• Carnivores

• Herbivores

• Omnivores

• Parasites

Most heterotrophs have what is known as…

complex tissue structures.

Heterotrophs do not have a cell wall. Rather, they have a…

extracellular matrix.

What life cycle do heterotrophs go through?

Diplontic life cycle

The multicellular form of a heterotroph life cycle is…

diploid.

Most animals are motile. What does this mean?

They are able to move independently by expending energy.

Some animals are sessile, what does that mean?

They are unable to move independently.

Animals have something known as complex development. What is that?

A fixed body plan for the organism

What makes up sexual reproduction?

Egg + sperm = zygote

The zygote divides without what?

Without growing in size

The process of a zygote dividing many times without growing in size is known as…

cleavage.

The 16 to 32 stage of a zygote is called…

blastula.

What is inside a bastula?

It is either hollow or filled with yolk (based on species).

What occurs as an indentation in the blastula (the blastopore) forms?

Gastrulation

What does gastraulation do?

• Creates the digestive tract

• Creates cell layers

Homeoboxes are also known as…

“Hox” genes

“Hox” genes are known as what?

Master control genes that can turn on and off and are involved in development

Embryonic development in diverse groups of animals is very similar. Why?

Due to conserved genes

What are the two layers of a diploblast?

• Endoderm (interior)

• Ectoderm (exterior)

Triploblastic animals have three cell layers known as…

• Endoderm (interior)

• Mesoderm (middle)

• Ectoderm (exterior)

Among triploblasts, there are 3 groups based on body cavity. What are they?

• Acoelomates

• Eucoelomates/CoelomatesPseudocoelomate

What triploblast does not have a body cavity?

Acoelomates

Among animals with bilateral symmetry and a triploblastic body plan, there are two groups. These groups are known are based on…

what develops from the blastopore.

What are the two groups of triploblastic body plans?

• Protostomes

• Deuterostome

The protostome develops…

mouth first

The deuterostome develops…

butt first

Animals likely evolved from what is known as ( ), having developed a genetic program for multicellularly.

Colonial protists

What modern-day creature, through physical evidence, looks most like a colonial protist?

A sponge.

What are the four classes of cnidaria?

• Anthozoa

• Scyphozoa

• Cubozoa

• Hydrozoa

What makes up Anthozoa?

• Corals

• Sea anemones

Anthozoans are…

polyp only.

Some anthozoans have symbiotic relationships with…

dinoflagellate algae.

Dinoflagellate algae are vital in the formation of what?

A coral reef ecosystem

What makes up the scyphozoa class?

Sea jellies (aka. jellyfish)

The scyphozoa class is…

medusa or dimorphic.

What makes up the class cubozoa?

Box jellyfish

A box jellyfish has…

a box/cube-shaped medusa

What is unique about a box jellyfish?

• Smaller

• Much more dangerous

• THEY HAVE EYES! (but no brain)

What makes up class hydrozoa?

Hydras

What are some characteristics of hydra?

• Marine or freshwater

• Solidary polyp, solidary medusa, and large colonial members

All further groups (not sponges or jellyfish) have…

bilateral symmetry and are triploblastic.

What makes up the clade Protostomia?

• Protosomes

  • Superphylum lophotrochozoa

    • Phylum platyhelminthes

    • Phylum rotifera

    • Phylum nemertea

    • Phylum mollusca

    • Phylum polyplacophora

    • Phylum Annedlida

What makes up a superphylum lophotrochozoa?

• Either have lophophore or trocophore larvae

What is a lophophore?

A ciliated tentacle feeding apparatus

What is a trochophore?

A larvae with two bands of cilia

What are platyhelmithes?

• Flatworms (platworms)

• Acoelomates

• MANY free-living and MANY parasitic members

What is unique about platyhelmithes?

They have specialized, complex organs and organ systems

What types of organ systems do platyhelminths have?

• Brain and nervous system

  • Eyes in some groups

• Reproductive systems

  • Most are hermaphroditic

• Excretory system

  • Powered by flame cells

• Digestive system

  • Runs the length of the body

  • It serves the function of the circulatory system too

What organ systems do platyhelminths NOT have?

• Circulatory system

  • Function is served by digestive system instead

• Respiratory system

  • Flat body allows gas exchange via diffusion

What are phylum rotiferas known as?

• Rotifers

• “Wheel animals”

What are some characteristics of rotifers?

• Microscopic

• Aquatic

• Pseudocoelomates

  • Pseudocoelom is used as a hydrostatic skeleton that is made up of pressurized fluid to be an attachment point for muscles.

• Filter feeders

  • Possesses a corona and a mastax

A pseudocoelom in a rotifer is used as a what?

A hydrostatic skeleton made up of pressurized fluid to be an attachment point for muscles

What are phylum nemertea?

• Ribbon worms (aka. proboscis worms or the gross ones with the mouth thing)

Nemertea are…

• mostly marine, some terrestrial

• predators or scavengers

• proboscis havers (ew)

  • Housed in a rhyncocoel

  • Used to capture prey

  • Can be ejected

• coelom havers

  • It houses their closed circulatory system

Where is the proboscis held in a Nemertea?

A rhynchocoel

Nemertea are unique because they have…

a closed circulatory system

What makes up a closed circulatory system?

Blood is contained within blood vessels and heart(s) and is pumped throughout the body

What makes up an open circulatory system?

Organs are surrounded by hemolymph and heart(s) circulate it within the hemocoel

What makes up phylum Mollusca?

• Mostly marine creatures

  • Some freshwater

  • Some terrestrial

• Class Polyplacophora

• Class Bivalvia

• Class Gastropoda

• Class Cephlaopoda

• Class Scaphopoda

What are some morphological features of Mollusca?

• Foot

  • Muscular, used for locomotion or anchorage

• Mantle

  • A thickened layer of skin used as protection, may secrete calcium carbonate shell

  • Creates a mantle cavity

    • Houses gills/lungs

• Radula

  • Most have for feeding

  • A tongue-like organ with “spikes/teeth”

Mollusks have…

coelomates, but it is a reduced coelom that houses the heart and gonads.

Most mollusks have…

an open circulatory system.

What makes up class Bivalvia?

• Clams, oysters, and mussels

  • Aquatic

  • Filter feeders

    • No radula

  • Some species have sensory eyespots (a ton of eyes)

What makes up class Polyplacophora?

• Chitons

  • Marine

  • Eight plates make up the dorsal shell

  • Mostly herbivores

  • Use gradual to scrape algae

What makes up class Gastopoda?

• Snails and slugs

  • May or may not have shell

  • Aquatic or terrestrial

During embryonic development, shelled members of class Gastropoda experience torsion. What does that mean?

The anus points forward, just behind the head

What makes up class Cephalopoda?

• Octopuses

• Squids

• Cuttlefish

• Nautiluses

What are some characteristics of class Cephalopoda?

• May have shell

  • Internal in some species

• Foot is modified to form several arms/tentacles

  • May have suckers

• Closed circulatory system

• Move using jet propulsion, not feet

  • Water sucked into the mantle cavity, forced out to propel the animal backward

How do Cephalopods move using jet propulsion?

Water is sucked into the mantle cavity and then forced out to propel the animal backward

What makes up class Scaphopoda?

• Tusk shells/tooth shells

The shell of members of class Scaphopoda is conical. What does this mean?

It opens at both ends

What are some characteristics of Phylum Annelida?

• Segmented worms

• Aquatic and terrestiral

• Coelomates

  • Coelom is divided into segments by partitions called septa

  • Fluid in the coelom fulfills the function of the circulatory system

• Closed circulatory system

• Bristles called setae on ventral surface aid in locomotion

• Respiration through skin or parapodia

Coelom is divided into segments by…

partitions called septa.

What fulfills the function of the circulatory system in Phylum Annelida?

The fluid in the coelom

How do Phylum Annelida move?

Bristles called setae on ventral surface