1/54
Looks like no tags are added yet.
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced |
---|
No study sessions yet.
what is addiction
a condition produced by repeated consumption of a natural or synthetic psychoactive substance
what is physical dependence
when the body had adjusted to a substance and incorporated into the normal functioning of the body’s tissue
what is psychological dependence
a state in which individuals feel compelled to use a substance for the effect it produces, without necessarily being physically dependent on it
what are the factors that lead to dependence
reinforcement
avoiding withdrawal symptoms
substance-related cues
expectancies
personality and emotional factors
genetics
describe substance-related cues
when people use substances, they associate with that activity the specific internal and environmental stimuli that are regularly present
describe expectancies
ideas about the outcomes of behaviour from their own experiences and from watching other people
what are some factors that cause people to start smoking
low self-esteem, concern about body weight, and being rebellious, being a thrill seeker increase likelihood of smoking
peer pressure
modelling
what are some general factors that cause people to continue smoking?
others smoke around them
peer pressure to smoke
held positive attitudes about smoking
believed that smoking had no negative consequences
reinforcement
what are some major health consequences of smoking
cancer
cardiovascular disease
what is the gender difference for alcohol use?
females on average experience more intoxication than males from the same amount of alcohol, as females metabolize alcohol less quickly than males do
what are the two country classifications regarding alcohol use
countries that integrate alcohol into daily life
countries that restrict usage
what is binge drinking
consuming 5 or more drinks on a single occasion at least once in a 30-day period
who abuses alcohol the most
married, living with their families, and employed, women
what are the primary reasons for people to start drinking
social and cultural factors, expectancies of desirable outcomes: heightened sociability, reduced tension, and stimulant effects
how are the social factors in drinking important
in social drinking, modelling processes affect behaviour
drinking socially creates a subjective norm in individuals that the behaviour is appropriate and desirable
why do people use substances like alcohol
social learning: modelling
personality traits: high impulsivity, thrill-seeking, low self-esteem
social and emotional coping
social pressure & norms
positive expectancies
how is drinking problematic for health
pregnant woman who drink put their babies at risk
drinking increases the chance that the individual will harm themselves and others through accidents
misinterpreting how many drinks will be “fine” and won’t cause problems
risk for developing several health problems that involve especially the liver
what are the benefits of drinking in moderation
lower morbidity and mortality than those who drink regularly and those who do not drink at all
what are stimulants
chemicals that produce physiological and psychologicla arousal, keeping the user awake
what are some examples of stimulants
amphetamines, caffeine, and cocaine
what are the consequences of chronic use of stimulants
mental confusion
exhaustion
weight loss
psychological dependence
what are some withdrawal symptoms for stimulants
anxiety
depressed modd
fatigue
headache
what are depressants
chemicals that decrease arousal and increase relaxation
what are some examples of depressants
alcohol
benzodiazepines
barbiturates
what are some of the consequences of chronic depressant use
motor and emotional stability interference
psychological and physical dependence
what are hallucinogens
drugs that produce perceptual distortions
what is the most common hallucinogen
marijuana
what are the consequences of heavy hallucinogen use
psychological dependence
what are narcotics
sedatives that relieve pain
what are some examples of narcotics
morphine, codeine, heroin
in what age group is smoking and drinking more likely to begin in
adolescence
why do adolescents use drugs
genetic, psychosocial, environmental factors are involved
why do some individuals progress from drug use to drug abuse?
personality: drug abusers are more rebellious, impulsive, accepting of illegal behaviour, and like to seek for thrill
social factors: heavy users report having friends and relatives who use substances
what are some of the health risks associated with drug use
pregnancy drug usage cause harm to fetus
death from overdose
what are the ways to prevent substance use
help people avoid beginning to use specific substances
public policy and legal approaches
health promotion and education
family involvement approaches
what are some ways that people quit a substance without therapy
stopping smoking on one’s own
stopping alcohol and drug use on one’s own
early intervention
what type of people are more likely to succeed in quitting smoking on their own
have decided that they want and ready to quit
feel confident that they can succeed
highly motivated
are willing to try again if they don’t succeed
Historically, _____ occurs more in countries that incorporate drinking into
daily life, whereas _____ occurs more in countries that restrict alcohol use
D. daily drinking; intoxication
what are the psychosocial methods for stopping substance abuse?
motivational interviewing
stress management
provide user with positive reinforcement for stopping or reducing use
cue exposure: used to decrease the impact of substance-related cues in maintaining smoking, drinking, and drug use
what are some behavioural methods that can help clients stop or reduce substance use
self-monitoring
stimulus control
competing response substitution
scheduled reduction
behavioural contracting
what is self-monitoring
a procedure in which people record information pertaining to their problem behaviour like when, where, and how much they have done the behaviour
what is stimulus control
changing the cues that lead a person to perform the problem behaviour
what is competing response substitution
performing and rewarding a behaviour that is incompatible with or not likely to be performed at the same time as the problem behaviour
what is scheduled reduction
the person uses the substance only at specified regular intervals and these intervals get longer across days
what is behavioural contracting
spell out conditions and consequences regarding the problem behaviour in writing
what are self-help groups
self-help groups that help individuals who are engaging in a problematic behaviour to stop.
how does Alcoholics Anonymous work
people who abuse alcohol are alcoholics and remain alcoholics for life, even if they never take another sip
alcoholics must commit to the goal of permanent and total abstinence
describe the effectiveness of AA
inconsistent evidence
what are the chemical methods for treating substance abuse
a chemical that combats or interacts with the primary chemical that works during consumption such as nicotine for cigarettes,
what is the most effective way to combat substance abuse
multidimensional programs that is a combination of multiple programs
what is the relapse problem
relapse is always possible regardless of how individuals manage to quit
why do people relapse
withdrawal symptoms, causes cravings
satisfaction: people feel less satisfied when they are taking the substance compared to when they are not
self-efficacy
emotion is important: stress can cause people to relapse as stress is limited when taking a substance
what is the relapse prevention method
therapist-supervised self-management programs where the clients take the following steps
learn to identify high-risk situations
acquire competent and specific coping skills
practice effective coping skills in high-risk situations under a therapist’s supervision
what are the methods of preventing relapse
relapse prevention method
telephone counselling
continue to use a chemical method after treatment ends
clients practice tasks that builds self-control
clients develop social networks that provide constructive support for abstinence and minimize negative support.
Historically, _____ occurs more in countries that incorporate drinking into daily life, whereas _____ occurs more in countries that restrict alcohol use.
A. alcoholism; problem drinking
B. problem drinking; alcoholism
C. intoxication; daily drinking
D. daily drinking; intoxication
E. temperance; moderation
D