Chapter 7 - Substance use and Abuse

what is addiction

a condition produced by repeated consumption of a natural or synthetic psychoactive substance

what is physical dependence

when the body had adjusted to a substance and incorporated into the normal functioning of the body’s tissue

what is psychological dependence

a state in which individuals feel compelled to use a substance for the effect it produces, without necessarily being physically dependent on it

what are the factors that lead to dependence

reinforcement

avoiding withdrawal symptoms

substance-related cues

expectancies

personality and emotional factors

genetics

describe substance-related cues

when people use substances, they associate with that activity the specific internal and environmental stimuli that are regularly present

describe expectancies

ideas about the outcomes of behaviour from their own experiences and from watching other people

what are some factors that cause people to start smoking

low self-esteem, concern about body weight, and being rebellious, being a thrill seeker increase likelihood of smoking

peer pressure

modelling

what are some general factors that cause people to continue smoking?

• others smoke around them

• peer pressure to smoke

• held positive attitudes about smoking

• believed that smoking had no negative consequences

• reinforcement

what are some major health consequences of smoking

cancer

cardiovascular disease

what is the gender difference for alcohol use?

females on average experience more intoxication than males from the same amount of alcohol, as females metabolize alcohol less quickly than males do

what are the two country classifications regarding alcohol use

countries that integrate alcohol into daily life

countries that restrict usage

what is binge drinking

consuming 5 or more drinks on a single occasion at least once in a 30-day period

who abuses alcohol the most

married, living with their families, and employed, women

what are the primary reasons for people to start drinking

social and cultural factors, expectancies of desirable outcomes: heightened sociability, reduced tension, and stimulant effects

how are the social factors in drinking important

in social drinking, modelling processes affect behaviour

drinking socially creates a subjective norm in individuals that the behaviour is appropriate and desirable

why do people use substances like alcohol

social learning: modelling

personality traits: high impulsivity, thrill-seeking, low self-esteem

social and emotional coping

social pressure & norms

positive expectancies

how is drinking problematic for health

pregnant woman who drink put their babies at risk

drinking increases the chance that the individual will harm themselves and others through accidents

misinterpreting how many drinks will be “fine” and won’t cause problems

risk for developing several health problems that involve especially the liver

what are the benefits of drinking in moderation

lower morbidity and mortality than those who drink regularly and those who do not drink at all

what are stimulants

chemicals that produce physiological and psychologicla arousal, keeping the user awake

what are some examples of stimulants

amphetamines, caffeine, and cocaine

what are the consequences of chronic use of stimulants

mental confusion

exhaustion

weight loss

psychological dependence

what are some withdrawal symptoms for stimulants

anxiety

depressed modd

fatigue

headache

what are depressants

chemicals that decrease arousal and increase relaxation

what are some examples of depressants

alcohol

benzodiazepines

barbiturates

what are some of the consequences of chronic depressant use

motor and emotional stability interference

psychological and physical dependence

what are hallucinogens

drugs that produce perceptual distortions

what is the most common hallucinogen

marijuana

what are the consequences of heavy hallucinogen use

psychological dependence

what are narcotics

sedatives that relieve pain

what are some examples of narcotics

morphine, codeine, heroin

in what age group is smoking and drinking more likely to begin in

adolescence

why do adolescents use drugs

genetic, psychosocial, environmental factors are involved

why do some individuals progress from drug use to drug abuse?

personality: drug abusers are more rebellious, impulsive, accepting of illegal behaviour, and like to seek for thrill

social factors: heavy users report having friends and relatives who use substances

what are some of the health risks associated with drug use

pregnancy drug usage cause harm to fetus

death from overdose

what are the ways to prevent substance use

help people avoid beginning to use specific substances

public policy and legal approaches

health promotion and education

family involvement approaches

what are some ways that people quit a substance without therapy

stopping smoking on one’s own

stopping alcohol and drug use on one’s own

early intervention

what type of people are more likely to succeed in quitting smoking on their own

• have decided that they want and ready to quit

• feel confident that they can succeed

• highly motivated

• are willing to try again if they don’t succeed

Historically, _____ occurs more in countries that incorporate drinking into

daily life, whereas _____ occurs more in countries that restrict alcohol use

D. daily drinking; intoxication

what are the psychosocial methods for stopping substance abuse?

motivational interviewing

stress management

provide user with positive reinforcement for stopping or reducing use

cue exposure: used to decrease the impact of substance-related cues in maintaining smoking, drinking, and drug use

what are some behavioural methods that can help clients stop or reduce substance use

self-monitoring

stimulus control

competing response substitution

scheduled reduction

behavioural contracting

what is self-monitoring

a procedure in which people record information pertaining to their problem behaviour like when, where, and how much they have done the behaviour

what is stimulus control

changing the cues that lead a person to perform the problem behaviour

what is competing response substitution

performing and rewarding a behaviour that is incompatible with or not likely to be performed at the same time as the problem behaviour

what is scheduled reduction

the person uses the substance only at specified regular intervals and these intervals get longer across days

what is behavioural contracting

spell out conditions and consequences regarding the problem behaviour in writing

what are self-help groups

self-help groups that help individuals who are engaging in a problematic behaviour to stop.

how does Alcoholics Anonymous work

• people who abuse alcohol are alcoholics and remain alcoholics for life, even if they never take another sip

  • alcoholics must commit to the goal of permanent and total abstinence

describe the effectiveness of AA

inconsistent evidence

what are the chemical methods for treating substance abuse

a chemical that combats or interacts with the primary chemical that works during consumption such as nicotine for cigarettes,

what is the most effective way to combat substance abuse

multidimensional programs that is a combination of multiple programs

what is the relapse problem

relapse is always possible regardless of how individuals manage to quit

why do people relapse

withdrawal symptoms, causes cravings

satisfaction: people feel less satisfied when they are taking the substance compared to when they are not

self-efficacy

emotion is important: stress can cause people to relapse as stress is limited when taking a substance

what is the relapse prevention method

therapist-supervised self-management programs where the clients take the following steps

1. learn to identify high-risk situations

2. acquire competent and specific coping skills

3. practice effective coping skills in high-risk situations under a therapist’s supervision

what are the methods of preventing relapse

relapse prevention method

telephone counselling

continue to use a chemical method after treatment ends

clients practice tasks that builds self-control

clients develop social networks that provide constructive support for abstinence and minimize negative support.

Historically, _____ occurs more in countries that incorporate drinking into daily life, whereas _____ occurs more in countries that restrict alcohol use.

A. alcoholism; problem drinking

B. problem drinking; alcoholism

C. intoxication; daily drinking

D. daily drinking; intoxication

E. temperance; moderation

D