12-01: Functional Groups and Linkages

Water

________ is required and it is used up → it is a reactant.

double bond

The ________ indicates that it is an ester linkage.

C

________ and H form a non polar bond so hydrocarbons are non polar.

What is in an organism

1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
5. Water

Molecules

________ interact with each other at specific regions of their ________ (changes the dynamic of the ________ that allow it it interact differently)

Monomers

Single units that make up molecules

Anabolic reactions

build up substances

Catabolic reactions

break down substance

Both catabolic and anabolic reactions occurring in an organism

metabolism

1 atom loses an e

and 1 gains an e-

Sharing the e

less fairly

Covalent

∆EN < 0.4 → share equally

Polar covalent

∆EN = 0.5-1.7

One atom has a stronger hold on e

they share

Because of Oxygen (O)s EN, e

tend to spend more time near the O atom than near the Hydrogen (H) atoms

The unequal sharing e

creates a slight difference in the charge between the ends/poles of the molecule

the O end is δ

and the H ends are δ+

Cohesion

water molecules are attracted to other water molecules

Adhesion

water is a polar molecule and thus attracts other polar molecules

London dispersion forces

very weak attraction between molecules, even non polar ones

Dipole dipole attraction

attractive force between 2 polar molecules

H bonding

special kind of dipole dipole attraction; between 2 polar molecules with Hydrogen bonded to N, O, or F

Organic compound

compound that contains carbon-hydrogen bonds (may also contain other elements like O, N, etc) and is often found in organisms

Classifying FGs

if it has the FG, then it is classified that certain way

Polymer

A naturally occurring or synthetic compound consisting of large molecules made up of a linked series of repeated simple monomers

Catabolic reactions

Reactions that break down a substance

Anabolic reactions

Reactions that build up a substance

Metabolism

Both catabolic and anabolic reactions occurring in an organism (combination of all reactions happening)

Covalent bonds

2 non metals share e-

Ionic bonds

1 atom loses e-, 1 atom gains e- (between a metal and a nonmetal)

Electronegativity

The strength in which an atom attracts electrons

Covalent ∆EN

∆EN < 0.4

Polar covalent ∆EN

∆EN = 0.5-1.7

Ionic ∆EN

∆EN > 1.7 (atom with greater EN takes e- from atom with lesser EN, both become charged)

Polar covalent bonds

One atom has a stronger hold on e- they share

One end of the molecule gets slightly positively charged and one end gets slightly negatively charged

δ+ → one end gets + charge (weaker EN)

δ- → one end gets - charge (stronger EN)

Water is polar --> it has polar covalent intramolecular bonds

Because of Oxygen (O)’s EN, e- tend to spend more time near the O atom than near the Hydrogen (H) atoms

The unequal sharing e- creates a slight difference in the charge between the ends/poles of the molecule

the O end is δ- and the H ends are δ+

Due to its polarity, water forms H bonds with itself

Very weak bonds, but many of which come together and become very strong together

Cohesion (water forms bonds through)

Water molecules are attracted to other water molecules

Adhesion (water forms bonds through)

Water is a polar molecule and therefore attracts other polar molecules

Intermolecular forces

Bonds between molecules

Intramolecular forces

Bonds within a molecule

London dispersion forces (intermolecular force)

Very weak attraction between all molecules (even non polar ones). Increases with molecule size

Dipole dipole attraction (intermolecular force)

Attractive force between 2 polar molecules

H bonding (intermolecular force)

Special kind of dipole dipole attraction, between 2 polar molecules with Hydrogen bonded to Nitrogen, Oxygen, or Fluorine

Carbon

Backbone of nearly every biological molecule (exception: water)

Organic compound

Compound that contains Carbon-Hydrogen bonds (may also contain other elements like Oxygen, Nitrogen, etc) and is often found in organisms

Why are functional groups added?

Carbon and Hydrogen form a non polar bond --> hydrocarbons are non polar
polarity can be achieved by adding other atoms, which is why they are added

Functional groups change the dynamic of the molecule which allow it to

Interact differently, meaning that it can react differently

After a reaction between 2 molecules' functional groups, a _______ will be formed

Linkage

Why can monomers link to form polymers?

Functional groups react

Classifications

If a molecule has the functional group, it can then be classified in a given way

Hydrolysis reactions

Water is used to break down/rupture, catabolic, water required and used up as a reactant

Dehydration synthesis reaction

Condenses smaller particles into larger ones, anabolic, used to build up molecules, water is released as a product

Linkages that form in ___________ reactions

Dehydration synthesis

Ether linkages

Between 2 hydroxyl functional groups
Forms the pattern COC

Ester linkages

Between a hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups
Forms the pattern OCO
* the double bond indicates that it is a _________ linkage

Phopshate ester linkages

Between hydroxyl and phosphate functional groups
- Used in phospholipids and nucleic acid (instructs cells, DNA & RNA)
Forms the pattern OPO

Peptide linkages

Between carboxyl and amino functional groups
- Links amino acids together
Forms the pattern OCNH