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what are the main mineral groups
Oxides, sulfides, sulfates, silicates, halides, carbonates, phosphates, native elements, mineraloids
what are main mineral groups based on
chemical formulas
how are minerals grouped into families
chemical composition
what minerals are classified as oxides
minerals where oxygen is combined with one or more metals
what minerals are classified as sulfates
Minerals where the SO42- ion combines with metals
What minerals are classified as sulfides
minerals that are composed of a metal and sulfur
what mineral class is most important & why
silicates - 25% of all known minerals are silicates - 90% of Earth’s crust is composed of silicates
what is the base of a silicate
4 oxygen ions surrounding a silicon ion
What minerals make up halides
halogen elements: Cl, Br, and F combined with one or more metals
What minerals make up carbonates
minerals where metal cations combine with the polyatomic ion CO32-
what is the dominant base for the phosphate group
Tetrahedron: PO43-
What are native elements
minerals composed of atoms from a single element
what are members of the mineraloid class
ions that lack the necessary crystalline structure to be a mineral
ex. pearl, opal, amber
Silicates
olivine, quartz, feldspar, talc, topaz, mica, pyroxene
sulfates
gypsum
Sulfides
pyrite
halides
halite, fluorite
native elements
elements found naturally on their own - ex. gold
carbonates
calcite
phosphates
corundum, hematite
mineraloids
minerals that were produced from a biological process
what elements are diatomic atoms
Bromine
Iodine
Nitrogen
Chlorine
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
what is a diatomic atom
elements that are never found alone in nature - always bonded to either another element or another of itself
what happens to the atoms in covalent bonds
they share electrons
what does a single dash on a lewis structure rep.
a single covalent bond
2 electrons are shared
what electrons bond in covalent bonds and why
the valence electrons bond to achieve the electron configuration of a noble gas
what valence electrons bond
the electrons that are not already paired up
what do 2 dashes on a lewis diagram mean
double covalent bond
2 pairs of shared electrons
what do 3 dashes on a lewis diagram mean
triple covalent bond
3 pairs of shared electrons
what do you need to look out for with triple covalent bonds
negative charges - repellent
what is the order of strength in covalent bonds
single < double < triple
what is the relationship between strength and distance in covalent bonds
the stronger the bond, the shorter the distance between atoms
what theory is used for the shape of molecules
vsepr theory
what does vsepr stand for
valence shell electron pair repulsion (like charges repel)
what is molecular geometry based on
the number of bonds and lone pairs around the central atom
1 bond
linear
2 bonds
linear
2 bonds and 2 lone pairs
bent
3 bonds
trigonal planar
3 bonds and 1 lone pair
trigonal pyramidal
4 bonds
tetrahedral
what types of atoms are always linear
diatomic atoms
how do you determine the shape of more complex compounds
determine the shape of the different central atoms
ex. H-C-C-C-H = shape of the three C’s
properties of minerals
have a fixed composition
must be solid, naturally occuring, and inorganic
SOME have a set shape ex.silicate = tetrahedral
what happens in polar covalent bonds
electrons are not shared equally between the two atoms
what are the two types of covalent bonds
polar and nonpolar
what happens in nonpolar covalent bonds
electrons are shared equally between the two atoms
what atoms are always nonpolar
diatomic atoms
what is the charge of a nonpolar bond
neutral
what atom has a greater charge in polar bonds
the atom with the stronger pull
what is electronegativity
the pull that a atom has for the electrons of another element within a bond
what is the relationship between DEN and polarity in bonds?
the greater the Difference in Electronegativity, the more polar the bond
what is the formula for DEN
DEN = Highest EN - Lowest EN
what DEN amounts are nonpolar covalent bonds
0-0.5 DEN
what DEN amounts are polar covalent bonds
0.5-1.9 DEN
what DEN amounts are polar ionic bonds
2.0 or greater DEN
what element has the greatest electronegativity
fluorine
what elements in the periodic table have low electronegativity, and lose electrons easily
the bottom left corner, metals: groups 1A-3A
what elements in the periodic table have high electronegativity, and attract electrons easily
top right corner, nonmetals, groups 4A-7A
what group does not have any electronegativity
group 8A (noble gases) - they neither gain nor lose electrons
why are compounds with high DEN ionic
bonds with a high DEN have an unequal sharing of sharing of electrons —> sometimes so much that the bonds become ionic
does the polarity of a molecule affect the polarity of its bonds?
no, a molecule can be polar with polar or nonpolar bonds and vice versa
what do you draw dipoles for
polar or “ionic” bonds
what way do dipoles go
less electronegative element to more electronegative element
what do dipoles indicate
what is happening to the shared elections - electrons are going from the lower EN atom towards the higher EN atom
what is DEN used for
to calculate the polarity for specific bonds in a molecule (bond polarity)
true or false
bond polarity = molecular polarity
false, molecules can have their own polarity
properties of polar molecules
soluble in water
slightly higher melting/boiling points than nonpolar cov.
what shapes are Always polar?
bent and trigonal pyramidal
*both have a lone pair of electrons
what shapes are SOMETIMES polar
tetrahedral, linear, trigonal planar
what has to happen for bonds to be nonpolar
the terminal atoms have to be made of the same element —> makes bond symmetrical
QUESTIONS TO DETERMINE MOLECULE POLARITY
Does central atom have a lone pair of electrons?
If yes, molecule is POLAR
If no, move to #2
QUESTIONS TO DETERMINE MOLECULE POLARITY
Are all atoms surrounding the central atom the same?
If yes, molecule is NONPOLAR
If no, move to rule #3
QUESTIONS TO DETERMINE MOLECULE POLARITY
Are any of the bonds polar (DEN)
If yes, molecule is POLAR
If no, molecule is NONPOLAR