BMS 308 Exam 1 - Kelley MSU

Define anatomy

the study of the structure of the body

Define physiology

the study of how the body and its parts work or function

What is the hierarchical organization of the body

Atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Define cytology

study of cells

Define histology

study of tissues

What are emergent properties

the whole is greater than the sum of the parts

What are the four major themes of physiology

homeostasis, Form follows function, gradients drive physiology, cell-cell communication

What are the major characteristics of life

Organization, Homeostasis, Metabolism, Growth, Adaptation, Response to stimuli, Reproduction/Natural Selection

Why is the cell the smallest unit capable of life

every organism is composed of at least one cell

What are examples of organization in the body

Regional and Regional systemic

What are the four levels of organization in the human body

Cell,Tissue, Organ, Organ system

What is homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment

What is dynamic equilibrium

a state of balance between continuing processes

What are parameters of homeostasis

internal and external conditions can change the body's homeostasis

What are the major tissue types

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

What is the function of the epithelial tissue in physiology

forming protective barriers, facilitating secretion and absorption, and acting as a selective filter for various substances within the body

What is the function of connective tissue in physiology

providing support, structure, and connection within the body, as well as facilitating various processes like transport, defense, and repair

What is the function of muscle tissue in physiology

produce movement and maintain posture through contraction and relaxation

What is the function of nervous tissue in physiology

facilitating communication and control throughout the body.

What is an organ

A group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function.

How many systems are in the human body

11 systems

What is the function of the nervous system

transmits messages to and from the brain to regulate all of the body and its systems.

What is the function of the respiratory system

supplies body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide by breathing.

What is the function of the circulatory system

transports nutrients and oxygen to body cells and removes waste products.

What is the function of the digestive system

Breaks down food into its nutrient molecules; absorbs nutrients; rids the body of waste

What is the function of the excretory system

eliminates solid, liquid and gaseous waste

What is the function of the muscular system

moves the body and moves substances around the body; maintains posture

What is the function of the skeletal system

provides structure, support, and protection, stores minerals, and makes new blood cells

What is the function of the integumentary system

prevents infection and dehydration, and regulates body temperature.

What is the function of the immune system

To fight infection through the production of cells that inactivate foreign substances or cells

What is the function of the endocrine system

Secretes hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism by body cells

What is the function of the reproductive system

reproduces offspring

What is a feedback system

A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, re-monitored, reevaluated, and so on.

Define a feedback system

set point, control center, effector, regulated variables, sensor (then back to control center)

What is a negative feedback loop

a system where the output may signal the system to stop changing.

What is an example of a negative feedback loop

when your body temperature rises too high, your body starts to sweat to cool itself down, and once the temperature returns to normal, the sweating stops; this action of cooling down counteracts the initial increase in temperature

What is a positive feedback loop

Causes a system to change further in the same direction.

What is an example of a positive feedback loop

uterine contractions stimulate the release of oxytocin, which further intensifies contractions, leading to more pressure on the cervix and even more oxytocin release until the baby is delivered; this cycle continues until the baby is born

What is the difference between afferent and efferent

afferent means carrying something toward an organ

efferent means carrying something away from an organ

What is the difference between affect and effect

affect- to influence

effect- result

What is the chemistry of water molecules

Why is water important to the body

The body's vital processes take place in water; chemical reactions, blood, perspiration

What is meant by hydration shells in dissolving solutes

are layers of solvent molecules that surround a solute particle when it dissolves

What is pH in relation to physiology

a scale to decide if something is more acidic or basic

What are examples of pH acidity

battery acid, lemon juice, tomato juice, beer

What are examples of pH basic

Oven cleaner, bleach, milk

What are the mathematical terms for determining water's role as a solvent

molarity=moles of solute /liters of solution =mmoles of solute / milliliters of solution

What are the four major properties of water

Cohesion, moderation of temperature, insulation, and solvent properties

What is the law of mass action

an increase in CO2 causes an increase in bicarbonate and hydrogen ions

Inorganic vs organic chemistry

Inorganic chemistry: generally substances do not contain carbon

Organic chemistry: study of carbon- containing substances

What are the parts of a chemical reaction

Reactants: substances that enter into a reaction

Intermediates: substances that form in the middle of a reaction

Products: end result of a reaction

What are types of chemical reactions

synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, combustion

What is a characteristic of a monomer

single units (or micromolecules)

What is a characteristic of a polymer

multiple units of monomers attached to each other

What are characteristics of carbohydrates

They contain C, H, and O. Provide much of energy that cell requires. They include sugars, starches, and cane be in the form of monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides

What are characteristics of lipids

1. biochemically, structurally diverse

2. hydrophobic

3. soluble in nonpolar solvents

4. mostly hydrocarbon chains (containing C and H)

5. some have polar regions - amphipathic

What are characteristics of steroids

nonpolar, share four ring hydrocarbon structure called steroid nucleus

What are characteristics of cholesterol

steroid that forms basis for all other steroids

What are characteristics of fatty acids

energy molecules and building blocks for polymers

What are characteristics of triglycerides

storage of fatty acids, building blocks of phospholipids

What are characteristics of proteins

-made of amino acids

-polymerized by peptide bonds

-structure (determined by primary structure)

What are characteristics of amino acids

-20 different amino acids

-The R group is what them different

-All have central C, H, amino group, and carboxyl group

What is hydrolysis

Hydrolysis is the separation of two macromolecules by adding water.

What is dehydration synthesis

the process of joining two molecules, or compounds, together following the removal of water

What are characteristics of nucleic acids

provides genetic makeup of organisms

DNA and RNA. contains C, H, O, N, P

What is gluconeogenesis

production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

What is glycogenesis

formation of glycogen from glucose

Where is glycogen stored

liver and muscles

What are the carbon: hydrogen: oxygen ratios for the biomolecules

1:2:1

What is the difference between saturated, unsaturated, and trans-fatty acids

Saturated fats have no double bonds between carbon atoms in their fatty acid chains, making them solid at room temperature.

Unsaturated fats, on the other hand, have one or more double bonds in their fatty acid chains, making them liquid at room temperature.

Trans fats are a type of unsaturated fat that is created through a process called hydrogenation.

What is an example of a saturated fat

butter

What is an example of an unsaturated fat

olive oil

What is an example of a trans fatty acid

margarine

What is a major cause of coronary artery disease

Atherosclerosis leading to reduced blood flow.

What are all the types of lipids

fats, oils, steroids, phospholipids, unsaturated fats, trans fats, saturated fats

What are lipids role in physiology

help with moving and storing energy, absorbing vitamins and making hormones

What are the major functions of proteins

1) Regulating metabolism

2) Mediating signaling

3) Protection

4) Storage

5) Structure

6) Movement

7) Transport

8) Energy release

Why are proteins called the metabolic powerhouse of the body

they act as enzymes, catalysts that speed up chemical reactions, and are essential for building and maintaining tissues, transporting molecules, and regulating cellular processes

What type of major biomolecules is ATP/GTP

nucleic acids

Why are ATP/GTP molecules used as energy currency

they can efficiently store and release energy through the breaking and reforming of their phosphate bonds

What is the difference between DNA and RNA

DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded

What are the different nucleotides

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

What is the central dogma of biology

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

Where does transcription and translation fit into the central dogma

DNA → RNA → Protein

Transcription (DNA to RNA)

Translation (RNA to Protein)

What are the major structures of a protein

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

What is old cell theory

all organisms are made of cells

What is new cell theory

All living things are made up of cells. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things

Approximately how big are most human cells

10 to 30 micrometers

What kind of microscope would you need to see a human cell

light microscope

What is cell fractionation

The process where cells are broken up and the different organelles they contain are separated out.

How is cell fractionation used to study various part of a cell

breaking open cells and then separating the organelles based on their size, density, and other physical properties

What are the three major regions of a cell

nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane

What is the function of the nucleus

Contains the cell's genetic material, control center, stores DNA

What is the function of the cytoplasm

Where most chemical reactions take place

What is the function of the plasma membrane

Control transfer of substances in and out of the cell.

What is the endomembrane system

network of organelles and structures that function in the transport of proteins/other macromolecules out/into cell EG golgi/ER

What is the chronological pathway of a protein from synthesis to finding its defined fate in/out of the cell

cytosol > ER > Golgi > vesicle > plasma membrane > external environment

What is the major involvement of proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton

cell division, intracellular transport, and maintaining cell shape

What is the function and location of the cytoskeleton in the cell

provides structural support, shape, and organization to the cell

What are specific examples of use of each of the cytoskeletal proteins

actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules