Grammarway 3 - English Grammar Review

Flashcards based on key concepts, grammar rules, and vocabulary from the Grammarway 3 textbook, focusing on English grammar structures.

Passive Voice

Used when the focus is on the action rather than the doer. Formed with a form of 'be' + past participle. (e.g., The ball was kicked by the boy.)

Relative Clauses

Provide additional information about a noun. Introduced by relative pronouns (who, whom, which, that) or adverbs (where, when, why). Can be defining (essential) or non-defining (extra information). (e.g., The book that I borrowed is interesting.)

Reported Speech

Used to convey what someone said without using their exact words. Tense and pronoun changes are common. (e.g., Direct: 'I am happy.' Reported: She said she was happy.)

Present Simple Tense (Passive)

Used for general truths or habitual actions. (e.g., The house is cleaned every week.)

Present Continuous Tense (Passive)

Used for actions happening now. (e.g., The cake is being baked right now.)

Past Simple Tense (Passive)

Used for completed actions in the past. (e.g., The letter was sent yesterday.)

Past Continuous Tense (Passive)

Used for actions in progress at a specific time in the past. (e.g., The road was being repaired when the accident happened.)

Present Perfect Tense (Passive)

Used for actions that started in the past and continue to the present or have a result in the present. (e.g., The window has been broken.)

Past Perfect Tense (Passive)

Used for actions completed before a specific time in the past. (e.g., The report had been finished before the deadline.)

Future Simple Tense (Passive)

Used for actions that will happen in the future. (e.g., The project will be completed next month.)

Defining Relative Clause

Essential for the sentence's meaning; it identifies the noun. (e.g., The man who called me is my boss.)

Non-Defining Relative Clause

Adds extra information but isn't essential. Separated by commas. (e.g., My sister, who lives in London, is a doctor.)

Get used to

Often involves shifting tenses back (e.g., Present Simple becomes Past Simple). (e.g., Direct: 'I am going.' Reported: She said she

Passive Voice

Used when the focus is on the action rather than the doer. Formed with a form of 'be' + past participle. (e.g., The ball was kicked by the boy.)

Relative Clauses

Provide additional information about a noun. Introduced by relative pronouns (who, whom, which, that) or adverbs (where, when, why). Can be defining (essential) or non-defining (extra information). (e.g., The book that I borrowed is interesting.)

Reported Speech

Used to convey what someone said without using their exact words. Tense and pronoun changes are common. (e.g., Direct: 'I am happy.' Reported: She said she was happy.)

Present Simple Tense (Passive)

Used for general truths or habitual actions. (e.g., The house is cleaned every week.)

Present Continuous Tense (Passive)

Used for actions happening now. (e.g., The cake is being baked right now.)

Past Simple Tense (Passive)

Used for completed actions in the past. (e.g., The letter was sent yesterday.)

Past Continuous Tense (Passive)

Used for actions in progress at a specific time in the past. (e.g., The road was being repaired when the accident happened.)

Present Perfect Tense (Passive)

Used for actions that started in the past and continue to the present or have a result in the present. (e.g., The window has been broken.)

Past Perfect Tense (Passive)

Used for actions completed before a specific time in the past. (e.g., The report had been finished before the deadline.)

Future Simple Tense (Passive)

Used for actions that will happen in the future. (e.g., The project will be completed next month.)

Defining Relative Clause

Essential for the sentence's meaning; it identifies the noun. (e.g., The man who called me is my boss.)

Non-Defining Relative Clause

Adds extra information but isn't essential. Separated by commas. (e.g., My sister, who lives in London, is a doctor.)

Changes in Reported Speech (Tense)

Often involves shifting tenses back (e.g., Present Simple becomes Past Simple). (e.g., Direct: 'I am going.' Reported: She said she was going.)

Changes in Reported Speech (Pronouns)

Pronouns often change to reflect the new speaker. (e.g., Direct: 'I like my car.' Reported: He said he liked his car.)

Changes in Reported Speech (Time Expressions)

Time expressions may need to change. (e.g., Direct: 'I will do it tomorrow.' Reported: He said he would do it the following day.)

Question Tags

We use question tags to ask for confirmation. They consist of a helping verb and a pronoun that refer back to the verb and subject in the main clause. When the main clause is positive, the question tag is negative. (e.g., It is warm today, isn't it?)

Reported Questions

Used to report general questions. 'If' or 'whether' is used. (e.g., Direct: 'Do you like coffee?' Reported: He asked if I liked coffee.

Reported Orders/Requests

Use 'ask, order, tell, advise, beg, warn, remind, encourage' + (not) to-infinitive. (e.g., Direct: 'Please, do not wait for me.' Reported: He asked her not to wait for her.)

Omitting Relative Pronouns

A relative pronoun or relative adverb can be omitted when it refers to the object of the relative clause (e.g, The film [that] we saw was great.)

Relative Pronouns and Adverbs

A relative clause is introduced by 'who, whom, which, that, whose, when, where, why.

Present Simple Tense (Passive)

Form: is/are + past participle

Present Continuous Tense (Passive)

Form: is/are being + past participle

Past Simple Tense (Passive)

Form: was/were + past participle

Past Continuous Tense (Passive)

Form: was/were being + past participle

Present Perfect Tense (Passive)

Form: has/have been + past participle

Past Perfect Tense (Passive)

Form: had been + past participle

Future Simple Tense (Passive)

Form: will be + past participle

Passive Voice

Used when the focus is on the action rather than the doer. Formed with a form of 'be' + past participle. (e.g., The ball was kicked by the boy.)

Relative Clauses

Provide additional information about a noun. Introduced by relative pronouns (who, whom, which, that) or adverbs (where, when, why). Can be defining (essential) or non-defining (extra information). (e.g., The book that I borrowed is interesting.)

Reported Speech

Used to convey what someone said without using their exact words. Tense and pronoun changes are common. (e.g., Direct: 'I am happy.' Reported: She said she was happy.)

Defining Relative Clause

Essential for the sentence's meaning; it identifies the noun. (e.g., The man who called me is my boss.)

Non-Defining Relative Clause

Adds extra information but isn't essential. Separated by commas. (e.g., My sister, who lives in London, is a doctor.)

Changes in Reported Speech (Tense)

Often involves shifting tenses back (e.g., Present Simple becomes Past Simple). (e.g., Direct: 'I am going.' Reported: She said she was going.)

Changes in Reported Speech (Pronouns)

Pronouns often change to reflect the new speaker. (e.g., Direct: 'I like my car.' Reported: He said he liked his car.)

Changes in Reported Speech (Time Expressions)

Time expressions may need to change. (e.g., Direct: 'I will do it tomorrow.' Reported: He said he would do it the following day.)

Question Tags

We use question tags to ask for confirmation. They consist of a helping verb and a pronoun that refer back to the verb and subject in the main clause. When the main clause is positive, the question tag is negative. (e.g., It is warm today, isn't it?)

Reported Questions

Used to report general questions. 'If' or 'whether' is used. (e.g., Direct: 'Do you like coffee?' Reported: He asked if I liked coffee.

Reported Orders/Requests

Use 'ask, order, tell, advise, beg, warn, remind, encourage' + (not) to-infinitive. (e.g., Direct: 'Please, do not wait for me.' Reported: He asked her not to wait for her.)

Omitting Relative Pronouns

A relative pronoun or relative adverb can be omitted when it refers to the object of the relative clause (e.g, The film [that] we saw was great.)

A relative clause is introduced by '